{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]],"date-time":"2026-10-26T21:10:10Z","timestamp":1793049010080,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,9]],"date-time":"2025-04-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1744156800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006041","name":"Innovate UK","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["10019802"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["10019802"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006041","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006041","name":"Innovate UK","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["10050739"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["10050739"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006041","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosglobalpublichealth.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLOS Glob Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:p>By tracking infectious diseases through sewage, municipal-scale wastewater surveillance has provided early warnings of future COVID-19 hospitalisations, identified biases in diagnostic testing, and is rapidly expanding to a broader array of pathogens. Despite applications in the targeted delivery of local interventions, near-source wastewater surveillance has received less attention and we know little about the near-source time series dynamics of contrasting pathogens. To address this, we conducted wastewater surveillance at five sites for SARS-CoV-2 and two sites for norovirus GI, norovirus GII, influenza A virus, influenza B virus, and human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV A and RSV B). Sites were selected for contrasting functions: an office, charity centre, museum, university, and care home. The key findings are (1) near-source wastewater detections were linked to local events (staff sickness, enhanced cleaning, changing populations); (2) wastewater detections decreased in the order norovirus GII &gt; norovirus GI &gt; SARS-CoV-2 \u2248 influenza A \u2248 RSV A &gt; influenza B \u2248 RSV B; (3) correlation between near-source wastewater data\u00a0and national surveillance data increases as a function of catchment size and viral prevalence (examples include the SARS-CoV-2 BA.4\/BA.5 variant peak at a museum and wastewater tracking the winter norovirus season); (4) strong weekday periodicity in near-source wastewater SARS-CoV-2 detections, with the correlation against COVID-19 case numbers increasing when modelling variable lag times between faecal shedding onset and clinical diagnosis (R<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> = 0.45 increases\u00a0to 0.84-0.86); (5) a log-linear relationship between the frequency of wastewater SARS-CoV-2 detection and log(catchment size\u22c5viral prevalence) (R<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> = 0.6914-0.9066). Finally, we propose two use cases. Firstly, for rare or high-risk pathogens, near-source wastewater sentinel systems provide early warning of outbreaks, achieving high frequency community coverage without behaviour change and at low cost versus diagnostic testing. Secondly, for endemic pathogens, near-source wastewater reveals long-term patterns and trends, the effectiveness of local policies, and community vulnerabilities.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgph.0004397","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,9]],"date-time":"2025-04-09T17:24:57Z","timestamp":1744219497000},"page":"e0004397","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pgph.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Near-source wastewater surveillance of SARS-CoV-2, norovirus, influenza virus and RSV across five different sites in the UK"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"5","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4173-5850","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jay C.","family":"Bullen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-4143-084X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mina","family":"Mohaghegh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-3221-0081","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Fatima","family":"Tahir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8288-0288","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Charlotte","family":"Hammer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-8599-5192","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jacob","family":"Sims","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-8841-6353","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Frederico","family":"Myers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucas","family":"Eisinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ali Reza","family":"Kasmati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claire F.","family":"Trant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,9]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"pgph.0004397.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.71.6.765","article-title":"II. 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