{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,11]],"date-time":"2025-12-11T18:38:34Z","timestamp":1765478314741,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,11]],"date-time":"2025-12-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765411200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"International Centers of Excellence in Malaria Research (ICEMR) program","award":["U19AI089674"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U19AI089674"]}]},{"name":"UCSF Biology of Infectious Diseases Training Program","award":["2T32AI007641-21"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2T32AI007641-21"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosglobalpublichealth.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLOS Glob Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    In 2021\u201323, a resurgence of malaria occurred in the Tororo District of Uganda following a change in formulations used for indoor residual spraying of insecticide (IRS). Prior analyses showed that this increase was temporally associated with the replacement of\n                    <jats:italic>Anopheles gambiae<\/jats:italic>\n                    sensu lato by\n                    <jats:italic>An. funestus<\/jats:italic>\n                    as the dominant local vector. To investigate this association, we used data from a cohort of 422 children in 94 households from 2021-2023 in Tororo District and neighboring Busia District, where IRS was not implemented. Participants underwent passive and monthly active surveillance for infection with\n                    <jats:italic>Plasmodium falciparum<\/jats:italic>\n                    by quantitative PCR. Mosquitoes were collected in each sleeping room in cohort households every 2 weeks using CDC light traps. We assessed the association between spatiotemporally smoothed annualized household entomologic inoculation rates (aEIR) and individual\n                    <jats:italic>P. falciparum<\/jats:italic>\n                    infections using shared frailty models. Overall, each doubling of the aEIR was associated with a 29% increase in the hazard of\n                    <jats:italic>P. falciparum<\/jats:italic>\n                    (adjusted HR 1.29, 95% CI 1.25-1.33). Considering species-specific aEIRs, this effect was primarily driven by\n                    <jats:italic>An. funestus<\/jats:italic>\n                    : a doubling of\n                    <jats:italic>An. funestus<\/jats:italic>\n                    aEIR was associated with a 29% increase in hazard rate (1.29, 1.25-1.34), while the association was smaller for\n                    <jats:italic>An. gambiae<\/jats:italic>\n                    (1.04, 1.01-1.08). These relationships were stronger in Tororo than in Busia. These results support the inference that the replacement of\n                    <jats:italic>An. gambiae<\/jats:italic>\n                    with\n                    <jats:italic>An. funestus<\/jats:italic>\n                    was a driver of increased malaria incidence in Tororo District and demonstrates associations between household-level entomological data and risk of\n                    <jats:italic>P. falciparum<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgph.0004436","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,11]],"date-time":"2025-12-11T18:34:16Z","timestamp":1765478056000},"page":"e0004436","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pgph.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Disentangling the roles of different vector species during a malaria resurgence in Eastern Uganda"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"5","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-9080-931X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Max","family":"McClure","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9074-1635","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ambrose","family":"Oruni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emmanuel","family":"Arinaitwe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alex","family":"Musiime","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"Kyagamba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Geoffrey","family":"Otto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Adiga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jackson 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