{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]],"date-time":"2026-02-28T19:54:24Z","timestamp":1772308464636,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,4]],"date-time":"2025-06-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748995200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosglobalpublichealth.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLOS Glob Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Mental health (MH) remains a major public health concern in Canada and has been exacerbated by the unprecedented challenges of the COVID-19 pandemic and the associated restrictions on physical movement. While considerable work has been done on the impact of COVID-19 on the physical and MH of the general population, relatively less work has focused on the MH of persons with disabilities (PWDs). Although the COVID-19 containment measures including lockdowns, social distancing, quarantine, and closure of nonessential services were intended to reduce the direct risks of COVID-19, the socioeconomic consequences of those restrictions and the uncertainties surrounding the virus, inadvertently had adverse impact on the MH and well-being of Canadian residents, particularly, among already marginalized groups such as PWDs. Moreover, PWDs were identified as disproportionately vulnerable to the psychological impacts of the pandemic containment measures which compromised their overall Positive Mental Health (PMH): a state of well-being where individuals can realize their full potential, manage life\u2019s stresses, work productively, and contribute to society. This study addresses the research gap by examining the effect of the pandemic on the MH of PWDs in Canada using a cross-sectional analysis of the 2021 Canadian Housing Survey (N\u2009=\u200915,626), a subset of people who reported disabilities. Logistic regression models were employed for this cross-sectional analysis. The results show that females (OR = 0.789; P\u2009&lt;\u20090.001), those who experienced COVID-19 economic hardship (OR = 0.703; P\u2009&lt;\u20090.001), and dwelling dissatisfaction (OR = 0.585; P\u2009&lt;\u20090.001), significantly reported about 0.79, 0.70, and 0.59 times lower odds of positive Mental Health (PMH), respectively. On the other hand, those who had post-secondary educational attainment (OR = 1.210; P\u2009&lt;\u20090.001), strong sense of community belonging (OR = 2.056; P\u2009&lt;\u20090.001), and civic engagement with their communities (OR = 1.204; P\u2009&lt;\u20090.001), were significantly associated with 1.21, 2.06, and 1.20 times higher odds of PMH, respectively. Additionally, immigration status, household type, the province of residence, and neighborhood-specific challenges such as race-based harassments, and drug use\/dealings emerged as significant predictors of PMH. The findings underscore the positive impacts of empowering elements such as strong community ties on the MH of PWDs during public health crisis. Also, the findings prompt the pressing need for identifying and addressing the unique challenges of PWDs in Canada, particularly, the less educated and socioeconomically disadvantaged, as part of effort to foster PMH in the country. Overall, these findings suggest the need to prioritize and strengthen disability-inclusive MH programs for future public health crises.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgph.0004728","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,4]],"date-time":"2025-06-04T17:49:26Z","timestamp":1749059366000},"page":"e0004728","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pgph.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on mental health of persons with disabilities: Insights from the 2021 Canadian Housing Survey"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"5","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2058-220X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sulemana Ansumah","family":"Saaka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Roger","family":"Antabe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Isaac","family":"Luginaah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"pgph.0004728.ref001","author":"Statistics Canada","year":"2023"},{"key":"pgph.0004728.ref002","author":"PHAC","year":"2021"},{"issue":"5","key":"pgph.0004728.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.24095\/hpcdp.42.5.05","article-title":"Self-rated mental health, community belonging, life satisfaction and perceived change in mental health among adults during the second and third waves of the COVID-19 pandemic in Canada","volume":"42","author":"CA Capaldi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Health Promot Chronic Dis Prev Can"},{"key":"pgph.0004728.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.24095\/hpcdp.41.11.04","article-title":"Symptoms of major depressive disorder during the COVID-19 pandemic: results from a representative sample of the Canadian population","volume":"41","author":"M Shields","year":"2021","journal-title":"Health Promot Chronic Dis Prev Can"},{"key":"pgph.0004728.ref005","volume-title":"Canadian Housing Survey: Public use of microdata file","author":"Statistics Canada","year":"2021"},{"key":"pgph.0004728.ref006","article-title":"Positive mental health and perceived change in mental health among adults in Canada during the second wave of the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"41","author":"CA Capaldi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Promot Sant\u00e9 Pr\u00e9v Mal Chron Au Can"},{"key":"pgph.0004728.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106333","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2020.106333","article-title":"A portrait of the early and differential mental health impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic in Canada: Findings from the first wave of a nationally representative cross-sectional survey","volume":"145","author":"EK Jenkins","year":"2021","journal-title":"Prev Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"pgph.0004728.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1097\/00019442-200105000-00004","article-title":"The association of late-life depression and anxiety with physical disability: a review of the literature and prospectus for future research","volume":"9","author":"EJ Lenze","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Geriatr Psychiatry"},{"issue":"6","key":"pgph.0004728.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(21)00069-4","article-title":"Mental health and social interactions of older people with physical disabilities in England during the COVID-19 pandemic: a longitudinal cohort study","volume":"6","author":"A Steptoe","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Public Health"},{"issue":"12","key":"pgph.0004728.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1137","DOI":"10.1038\/s43587-021-00128-1","article-title":"A longitudinal analysis of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the mental health of middle-aged and older adults from the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging","volume":"1","author":"P Raina","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Aging"},{"issue":"1","key":"pgph.0004728.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.24095\/hpcdp.36.1.01","article-title":"Monitoring positive mental health and its determinants in Canada: the development of the Positive Mental Health Surveillance Indicator Framework","volume":"36","author":"H Orpana","year":"2016","journal-title":"Health Promot Chronic Dis Prev Can"},{"key":"pgph.0004728.ref012","volume-title":"Fundamental Principles of Disability","author":"UPIAS","year":"1976"},{"key":"pgph.0004728.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-349-20895-1_8","article-title":"The politics of disablement\u2014New social movements","author":"M Oliver","year":"1990","journal-title":"Polit Disablement"},{"key":"pgph.0004728.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0264-3758.2004.00269.x","article-title":"The social model of disability: A philosophical critique","volume":"21","author":"L Terzi","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Appl Philos"},{"key":"pgph.0004728.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-9566.00221","article-title":"Disability, impairment or illness? The relevance of the social model of disability to the study of mental disorder","volume":"22","author":"J Mulvany","year":"2000","journal-title":"Sociol Health Illn"},{"key":"pgph.0004728.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315094861-2","article-title":"Defining impairment and disability: Issues at stake","volume-title":"Disability and equality law","author":"M Oliver","year":"2017"},{"key":"pgph.0004728.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-349-24269-6_4","article-title":"The social model in context","author":"M Oliver","year":"1996","journal-title":"Underst Disabil Theory Pract"},{"issue":"2","key":"pgph.0004728.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.3138\/cpp.2021-012","article-title":"Perceptions of Canadian Federal Policy Responses to COVID-19 among People with Disabilities and Chronic Health Conditions","volume":"47","author":"D Pettinicchio","year":"2021","journal-title":"Can Public Policy"},{"key":"pgph.0004728.ref019","author":"WHO","year":"2024"},{"key":"pgph.0004728.ref020","author":"Statistics Canada","year":"2023"},{"key":"pgph.0004728.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"871119","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.871119","article-title":"COVID-19 Pandemic: The Impact of COVID-19 on Mental Health and Life Habits in the Canadian Population","volume":"13","author":"F Iftene","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"pgph.0004728.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2020.10.028","article-title":"Evaluating the Effect of COVID-19 Pandemic Lockdown on Long-Term Care Residents\u2019 Mental Health: A Data-Driven Approach in New Brunswick","volume":"22","author":"C McArthur","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Am Med Dir Assoc"},{"key":"pgph.0004728.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1628","DOI":"10.1139\/facets-2021-0078","article-title":"The impact of COVID-19 on the mental health of Canadian children and youth","volume":"6","author":"T Vaillancourt","year":"2021","journal-title":"Facets"},{"issue":"1","key":"pgph.0004728.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-042871","article-title":"Examining the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on family mental health in Canada: findings from a national cross-sectional study","volume":"11","author":"AC Gadermann","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"pgph.0004728.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4159\/9780674028845","volume-title":"The ecology of human development: experiments by nature and design","author":"U Bronfenbrenner","year":"1979"},{"issue":"7170","key":"pgph.0004728.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1446","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.317.7170.1446","article-title":"Theories in health care and research: theories of disability in health practice and research","volume":"317","author":"M Oliver","year":"1998","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"pgph.0004728.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1080\/0968759032000119479","article-title":"Patterns of disability and norms of participation through the life course: empirical support for a social model of disability","volume":"18","author":"P Siminski","year":"2003","journal-title":"Disabil Soc"},{"key":"pgph.0004728.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/03623319.2022.2105592","article-title":"Millennial attitudes toward disability in three social contexts","author":"CR Robbins","year":"2022","journal-title":"Soc Sci J"},{"issue":"2","key":"pgph.0004728.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1093\/qjmed\/hcaa322","article-title":"Quarantine, restrictions and mental health in the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"114","author":"BD Kelly","year":"2021","journal-title":"QJM"},{"key":"pgph.0004728.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619129","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2021.619129","article-title":"Associations Between Change in Outside Time Pre- and Post-COVID-19 Public Health Restrictions and Mental Health: Brief Research Report","volume":"9","author":"SL Cindrich","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"issue":"10","key":"pgph.0004728.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.5694\/mja2.50831","article-title":"Mental health of people in Australia in the first month of COVID-19 restrictions: a national survey","volume":"213","author":"JR Fisher","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med J Aust"},{"issue":"4","key":"pgph.0004728.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apnu.2021.05.002","article-title":"The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and its related restrictions on people with pre-existent mental health conditions: A scoping review","volume":"35","author":"L Murphy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arch Psychiatr Nurs"},{"key":"pgph.0004728.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113631","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2020.113631","article-title":"Associations between periods of COVID-19 quarantine and mental health in Canada","volume":"295","author":"Z Daly","year":"2021","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"pgph.0004728.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.24095\/hpcdp.40.3.04","article-title":"An update on positive mental health among adults in Canada","volume":"40","author":"M Varin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Health Promot Chronic Dis Prev Can"},{"key":"pgph.0004728.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/cag.12966","article-title":"Do neighbourhood challenges affect the mental health of residents? Insights from the 2018 and 2021 Canadian Housing Surveys","volume":"69","author":"SA Saaka","year":"2025","journal-title":"Can Geogr"},{"key":"pgph.0004728.ref036","author":"PHAC","year":"2012"},{"issue":"6","key":"pgph.0004728.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1007\/s00737-020-01092-2","article-title":"The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on women\u2019s mental health","volume":"23","author":"M Almeida","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arch Womens Ment Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"pgph.0004728.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1007\/s11150-020-09534-7","article-title":"Gender differences in couples\u2019 division of childcare, work and mental health during COVID-19","volume":"19","author":"G Zamarro","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rev Econ Househ"},{"key":"pgph.0004728.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1131","DOI":"10.1017\/S1743923X20000574","article-title":"Evidence of exacerbated gender inequality in child care obligations in Canada and Australia during the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"16","author":"RM Johnston","year":"2020","journal-title":"Polit Gend"},{"issue":"12","key":"pgph.0004728.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.1177\/0706743716640752","article-title":"Mental health services for students at postsecondary institutions: a national survey","volume":"61","author":"N Jaworska","year":"2016","journal-title":"Can J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"pgph.0004728.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1177\/0706743719874178","article-title":"Mental Health among Canadian postsecondary students: a mental health crisis?","volume":"65","author":"K Wiens","year":"2020","journal-title":"Can J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"6","key":"pgph.0004728.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1895","DOI":"10.1007\/s10903-015-0175-3","article-title":"Improving Immigrant Populations\u2019 Access to Mental Health Services in Canada: A Review of Barriers and Recommendations","volume":"17","author":"MS Thomson","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Immigr Minor Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"pgph.0004728.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03404048","article-title":"Health decline among recent immigrants to Canada: findings from a nationally-representative longitudinal survey","volume":"102","author":"E Fuller-Thomson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Can J Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"pgph.0004728.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1177\/070674371005500106","article-title":"Mental health service use by Chinese immigrants with severe and persistent mental illness","volume":"55","author":"AW Chen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Can J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"pgph.0004728.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1007\/s10597-021-00836-3","article-title":"Perceptions of mental health and utilization of mental health services among new immigrants in Canada: A qualitative study","volume":"58","author":"M Pandey","year":"2022","journal-title":"Community Ment Health J"},{"key":"pgph.0004728.ref046","first-page":"4","article-title":"The healthy immigrant effect in Canada: a systematic review","volume":"3","author":"Z Vang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Popul Change Lifecourse Strateg Knowl Clust Discuss Pap Series Un R\u00e9seau Strat Connaiss Chang Popul Parcours Vie Doc Trav"},{"issue":"2","key":"pgph.0004728.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1007\/s12134-014-0340-x","article-title":"The healthy immigrant effect: patterns and evidence from four countries","volume":"16","author":"S Kennedy","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int Migration Integration"},{"issue":"2","key":"pgph.0004728.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1093\/geront\/gny136","article-title":"The healthy immigrant effect and aging in the United States and other western countries","volume":"59","author":"KS Markides","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gerontologist"},{"key":"pgph.0004728.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-43645-6_2","article-title":"A resilience perspective on immigrant youth adaptation and development","volume-title":"Handb Posit Dev Minor Child Youth","author":"F Motti-Stefanidi","year":"2017"},{"issue":"1","key":"pgph.0004728.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1111\/hsc.13402","article-title":"Dealing with distress from the COVID-19 pandemic: mental health stressors and coping strategies in vulnerable latinx communities","volume":"30","author":"LM Garcini","year":"2022","journal-title":"Health Soc Care Community"},{"issue":"1","key":"pgph.0004728.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1057\/s41599-023-01572-7","article-title":"Adapting to a new home: resettlement and mental health service experiences of immigrant and refugee youth in Montreal","volume":"10","author":"C Gyan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Humanit Soc Sci Commun"},{"issue":"1","key":"pgph.0004728.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-009-0161-y","article-title":"The mental health of young people with disabilities: impact of social conditions","volume":"46","author":"A Honey","year":"2011","journal-title":"Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol"},{"key":"pgph.0004728.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.alter.2014.11.003","article-title":"Employment opportunities for persons with different types of disability","volume":"9","author":"T Boman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Alter"},{"issue":"1","key":"pgph.0004728.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1080\/1359432X.2017.1387536","article-title":"Disability and employment \u2013 overview and highlights","volume":"27","author":"K Vornholt","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur J Work Organ Psychol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pgph.0004728.ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1007\/s11205-020-02379-8","article-title":"Rising income inequality through a disability lens: trends in the United States 1981-2018","volume":"151","author":"KM Jajtner","year":"2020","journal-title":"Soc Indic Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"pgph.0004728.ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-015-1027-0","article-title":"How financial hardship is associated with the onset of mental health problems over time","volume":"50","author":"KM Kiely","year":"2015","journal-title":"Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol"},{"issue":"7","key":"pgph.0004728.ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0069792","article-title":"The mental health consequences of the recession: economic hardship and employment of people with mental health problems in 27 European countries","volume":"8","author":"S Evans-Lacko","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"44","key":"pgph.0004728.ref058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27277","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2009609117","article-title":"Economic hardship and mental health complaints during COVID-19","volume":"117","author":"D Witteveen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"pgph.0004728.ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.3390\/soc13020046","article-title":"Does civic engagement support relational and mental health of urban population?","volume":"13","author":"M Hrivn\u00e1k","year":"2023","journal-title":"Societies"},{"issue":"7","key":"pgph.0004728.ref060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1177\/08901171211001242","article-title":"Civic engagement and well-being: examining a mediational model across gender","volume":"35","author":"N Fenn","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Health Promot"},{"key":"pgph.0004728.ref061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1353\/ces.2020.0006","article-title":"Civic engagement and wellbeing among female immigrants in Canada","volume":"52","author":"Y Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Can Ethn Stud"},{"issue":"2","key":"pgph.0004728.ref062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2021.10.010","article-title":"College students\u2019 sense of belonging and mental health amidst the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"70","author":"M Gopalan","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Adolesc Health"},{"key":"pgph.0004728.ref063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100676","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2020.100676","article-title":"Relationship between sense of community belonging and self-rated health across life stages","volume":"12","author":"CA Michalski","year":"2020","journal-title":"SSM Popul Health"},{"key":"pgph.0004728.ref064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102919","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jobe.2021.102919","article-title":"Housing and mental health during outbreak of COVID-19","volume":"43","author":"P Akbari","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Build Eng"},{"key":"pgph.0004728.ref065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.2307\/2137258","article-title":"The neighborhood context of adolescent mental health","author":"CS Aneshensel","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Health Soc Behav"},{"issue":"10","key":"pgph.0004728.ref066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2496","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-022-07540-2","article-title":"Racial discrimination, mental health and behavioral health during the COVID-19 pandemic: a national survey in the United States","volume":"37","author":"L Shi","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"pgph.0004728.ref067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1007\/s10597-013-9599-1","article-title":"Perceived school safety is strongly associated with adolescent mental health problems","volume":"50","author":"MM Nijs","year":"2014","journal-title":"Community Ment Health J"},{"key":"pgph.0004728.ref068","first-page":"39","article-title":"Variation in the Canadian provincial and territorial responses to COVID-19","author":"E Cameron-Blake","year":"2021","journal-title":"Blavatnik Sch Gov Work Pap Ser"}],"container-title":["PLOS Global Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pgph.0004728","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,4]],"date-time":"2025-06-04T17:49:37Z","timestamp":1749059377000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pgph.0004728"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Julia","family":"Robinson,","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,4]]},"references-count":68,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,4]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pgph.0004728","relation":{},"ISSN":["2767-3375"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2767-3375","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,4]]}}}