{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T14:14:15Z","timestamp":1789222455527,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,19]],"date-time":"2025-08-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755561600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 AI141900"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 AI141900"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Public-private consortium led by Marathon Oil and the Government of Equatorial Guinea"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosglobalpublichealth.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLOS Glob Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The Bioko Island Malaria Elimination Project (BIMEP) has made significant progress in reducing the prevalence of\n                    <jats:italic>\n                      <jats:italic>Plasmodium falciparum<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:italic>\n                    on Bioko Island, Equatorial Guinea. However, like other malaria endemic islands like S\u00e3o Tom\u00e9 and Principe and Zanzibar, Tanzania, elimination efforts are hampered by imported infections. In an effort to understand the local transmission dynamics and the influence of importation on Bioko Island\u2019s\n                    <jats:italic>\n                      <jats:italic>P. falciparum<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:italic>\n                    population, whole-genome sequences were generated from field samples collected during the BIMEP\u2019s 2019 Malaria Indicator Survey (MIS). Within the sub-Saharan African context, we observed Bioko Island parasites did not significantly differentiate from nearby continental neighbors. Among Bioko infections, within-host diversity and the quantity of polyclonal infections appear similar to an area of moderate malaria transmission. However, we observed higher than expected genetic diversity among Bioko parasites, similar to high transmission areas, suggesting imported strains are contributing to transmission on the island. Among Bioko\u2019s closest geographical neighbors, the flow of parasites with Bioko appeared more pronounced with the Gabonese parasite population, implying more importation may be coming from this region than others. Overall, despite significant investment in malaria control, results illustrate the challenges of eliminating malaria without both interrupting local transmission and accounting for importation from higher transmission areas, likely due to human migration. For there to be sustained progress towards elimination, the BIMEP needs, if feasible, to conduct targeted interventions of outgoing\/incoming travelers, expand malaria control interventions to the continental region of Equatorial Guinea, and ideally conduct cross-border interventions in collaboration with the malaria control program in Gabon.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgph.0004999","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,19]],"date-time":"2025-08-19T17:31:37Z","timestamp":1755624697000},"page":"e0004999","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pgph.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Regular Plasmodium falciparum importation onto Bioko Island, Equatorial Guinea, hampers malaria elimination from the island"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"5","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-4310-3467","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Thomas C.","family":"Stabler","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ankit","family":"Dwivedi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3998-5981","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Bing","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Biraj","family":"Shrestha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2375-3086","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sudhaunshu","family":"Joshi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matilde Riloha","family":"Rivas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olivier Tresor","family":"Donfack","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4069-9528","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Carlos A.","family":"Guerra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guillermo A.","family":"Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7136-0642","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Claudia","family":"Daubenberger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6502-7026","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Joana C.","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"pgph.0004999.ref001","volume-title":"World malaria report 2023","author":"WHO","year":"2023"},{"key":"pgph.0004999.ref002","unstructured":"WHO. WHO certifies Cabo Verde as malaria-free, marking a historic milestone in the fight against malaria. 2024. Available from: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news\/item\/12-01-2024-who-certifies-cabo-verde-as-malaria-free--marking-a-historic-milestone-in-the-fight-against-malaria"},{"issue":"10049","key":"pgph.0004999.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1038","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)31572-0","article-title":"Against the odds, Sri Lanka eliminates malaria","volume":"388","author":"R Senaratne","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"pgph.0004999.ref004","first-page":"7","article-title":"Malaria elimination in Zanzibar: where next?","volume":"45","author":"MH Ali","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pan Afr Med J"},{"issue":"22","key":"pgph.0004999.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14817","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph192214817","article-title":"Burden of malaria in Sao Tome and Principe, 1990\u20132019: findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019","volume":"19","author":"Y Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"pgph.0004999.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6311","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-33176-1","article-title":"Population dynamics and drug resistance mutations in Plasmodium falciparum on the Bijag\u00f3s Archipelago, Guinea-Bissau","volume":"13","author":"S Moss","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"4","key":"pgph.0004999.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(24)00580-2","article-title":"Adjunctive ivermectin mass drug administration for malaria control on the Bijagos Archipelago of Guinea-Bissau (MATAMAL): a quadruple-blinded, cluster-randomised, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"25","author":"H Hutchins","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"issue":"8","key":"pgph.0004999.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgph.0000807","article-title":"Plasmodium falciparum importation does not sustain malaria transmission in a semi-arid region of Kenya","volume":"2","author":"CF Markwalter","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLOS Glob Public Health"},{"issue":"6104","key":"pgph.0004999.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1223467","article-title":"Quantifying the impact of human mobility on malaria","volume":"338","author":"A Wesolowski","year":"2012","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"pgph.0004999.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-018-2213-9","article-title":"Trends in parasite prevalence following 13 years of malaria interventions on Bioko island, Equatorial Guinea: 2004\u20132016","volume":"17","author":"J Cook","year":"2018","journal-title":"Malaria J"},{"issue":"1","key":"pgph.0004999.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-023-04504-7","article-title":"Identifying individual, household and environmental risk factors for malaria infection on Bioko Island to inform interventions","volume":"22","author":"GA Garc\u00eda","year":"2023","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"issue":"1","key":"pgph.0004999.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-021-03850-8","article-title":"Incidence of Plasmodium falciparum malaria infection in 6-month to 45-year-olds on selected areas of Bioko Island, Equatorial Guinea","volume":"20","author":"VUNN Nchama","year":"2021","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"pgph.0004999.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-015-0579-5","article-title":"Infection importation: a key challenge to malaria elimination on Bioko Island, Equatorial Guinea","volume":"14","author":"J Bradley","year":"2015","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"issue":"1","key":"pgph.0004999.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2332","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-10339-1","article-title":"Human mobility patterns and malaria importation on Bioko Island","volume":"10","author":"CA Guerra","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"1","key":"pgph.0004999.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-021-03893-x","article-title":"Quantifying malaria acquired during travel and its role in malaria elimination on Bioko Island","volume":"20","author":"DT Citron","year":"2021","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"issue":"1","key":"pgph.0004999.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8285","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-52638-2","article-title":"Impact of six-month COVID-19 travel moratorium on Plasmodium falciparum prevalence on Bioko Island, Equatorial Guinea","volume":"15","author":"DEB Hergott","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"pgph.0004999.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-12-154","article-title":"Five years of malaria control in the continental region, Equatorial Guinea","volume":"12","author":"AM Rehman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"issue":"7","key":"pgph.0004999.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1080\/20477724.2021.1953686","article-title":"High genetic complexity but low relatedness in Plasmodium falciparum infections from Western Savannah Highlands and coastal equatorial Lowlands of Cameroon","volume":"116","author":"NI Atuh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pathog Glob Health"},{"key":"pgph.0004999.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-015-0862-5","article-title":"Genetic diversity of Plasmodium falciparum isolates from Baka Pygmies and their Bantu neighbours in the north of Gabon","volume":"14","author":"B Mv\u00e9-Ondo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"issue":"9","key":"pgph.0004999.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0248646","article-title":"Measuring the accuracy of gridded human population density surfaces: A case study in Bioko Island, Equatorial Guinea","volume":"16","author":"B Fries","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"pgph.0004999.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-019-3078-2","article-title":"Characterising malaria connectivity using malaria indicator survey data","volume":"18","author":"CA Guerra","year":"2019","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"issue":"8","key":"pgph.0004999.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1038\/s41576-021-00349-5","article-title":"Advances and opportunities in malaria population genomics","volume":"22","author":"DE Neafsey","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Rev Genet"},{"issue":"1","key":"pgph.0004999.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3699","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-39417-1","article-title":"Multiplexed ddPCR-amplicon sequencing reveals isolated Plasmodium falciparum populations amenable to local elimination in Zanzibar, Tanzania","volume":"14","author":"A Holzschuh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"pgph.0004999.ref024","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Global technical strategy for malaria 2016\u20132030, 2021 update.","author":"WHO","year":"2021"},{"issue":"6455","key":"pgph.0004999.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aav5427","article-title":"Major subpopulations of Plasmodium falciparum in sub-Saharan Africa","volume":"365","author":"A Amambua-Ngwa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"pgph.0004999.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpddr.2021.05.006","article-title":"Integration of population and functional genomics to understand mechanisms of artemisinin resistance in Plasmodium falciparum","volume":"16","author":"J Oberstaller","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol Drugs Drug Resist"},{"key":"pgph.0004999.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-micro-012220-064343","article-title":"Genomic Approaches to Drug Resistance in Malaria","volume":"74","author":"F Rocamora","year":"2020","journal-title":"Annu Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"pgph.0004999.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fepid.2022.939291","article-title":"Genomic approaches for monitoring transmission dynamics of malaria: A case for malaria molecular surveillance in Sub\u2013Saharan Africa","volume":"2","author":"BA Mensah","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Epidemiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pgph.0004999.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-019-2920-x","article-title":"Mapping and enumerating houses and households to support malaria control interventions on Bioko Island","volume":"18","author":"GA Garc\u00eda","year":"2019","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"pgph.0004999.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.12688\/wellcomeopenres.18681.1","article-title":"Pf7: an open dataset of Plasmodium falciparum genome variation in 20,000 worldwide samples [version 1; peer review: 3 approved]","volume":"8","author":"MalariaGEN","year":"2023","journal-title":"Wellcome Open Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"pgph.0004999.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-017-2025-3","article-title":"A novel method for extracting nucleic acids from dried blood spots for ultrasensitive detection of low-density Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax infections","volume":"16","author":"K Zainabadi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Malaria J"},{"issue":"1","key":"pgph.0004999.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-020-03195-8","article-title":"Optimization of parasite DNA enrichment approaches to generate whole genome sequencing data for Plasmodium falciparum from low parasitaemia samples","volume":"19","author":"Z Shah","year":"2020","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"issue":"1","key":"pgph.0004999.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-016-1641-7","article-title":"Whole genome sequencing of Plasmodium falciparum from dried blood spots using selective whole genome amplification","volume":"15","author":"SO Oyola","year":"2016","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"issue":"1","key":"pgph.0004999.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1186\/s13073-019-0708-9","article-title":"Strains used in whole organism Plasmodium falciparum vaccine trials differ in genome structure, sequence, and immunogenic potential","volume":"12","author":"KA Moser","year":"2020","journal-title":"Genome Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"pgph.0004999.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.1923","article-title":"Fast gapped-read alignment with Bowtie 2","volume":"9","author":"B Langmead","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat Methods"},{"issue":"5","key":"pgph.0004999.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.806","article-title":"A framework for variation discovery and genotyping using next-generation DNA sequencing data","volume":"43","author":"MA DePristo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"issue":"1110","key":"pgph.0004999.ref037","article-title":"From FastQ data to high confidence variant calls: the Genome Analysis Toolkit best practices pipeline","volume":"43","author":"GA Van der Auwera","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr Protoc Bioinformatics"},{"issue":"6","key":"pgph.0004999.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btq033","article-title":"BEDTools: a flexible suite of utilities for comparing genomic features","volume":"26","author":"AR Quinlan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"issue":"1","key":"pgph.0004999.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-023-04632-0","article-title":"An optimized GATK4 pipeline for Plasmodium falciparum whole genome sequencing variant calling and analysis","volume":"22","author":"K Niar\u00e9","year":"2023","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"issue":"7407","key":"pgph.0004999.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11174","article-title":"Analysis of Plasmodium falciparum diversity in natural infections by deep sequencing","volume":"487","author":"M Manske","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"24","key":"pgph.0004999.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3326","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/bts606","article-title":"A high-performance computing toolset for relatedness and principal component analysis of SNP data","volume":"28","author":"X Zheng","year":"2012","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"issue":"15","key":"pgph.0004999.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2251","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btx145","article-title":"SeqArray-a storage-efficient high-performance data format for WGS variant calls","volume":"33","author":"X Zheng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"issue":"6","key":"pgph.0004999.ref043","first-page":"1358","article-title":"Estimating F-statistics for the analysis of population structure","volume":"38","author":"BS Weir","year":"1984","journal-title":"Evolution"},{"key":"pgph.0004999.ref044","article-title":"Protective targets of PfSPZ vaccines identified from whole-genome sieve analysis of isolates from malaria vaccine efficacy trials in West Africa","author":"A Dwivedi","year":"2025","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"issue":"1","key":"pgph.0004999.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-018-2349-7","article-title":"hmmIBD: software to infer pairwise identity by descent between haploid genotypes","volume":"17","author":"SF Schaffner","year":"2018","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"issue":"1","key":"pgph.0004999.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btx530","article-title":"Deconvolution of multiple infections in Plasmodium falciparum from high throughput sequencing data","volume":"34","author":"SJ Zhu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"issue":"4","key":"pgph.0004999.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1118","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0706851105","article-title":"Maps of random walks on complex networks reveal community structure","volume":"105","author":"M Rosvall","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"1","key":"pgph.0004999.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2499","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-46659-0","article-title":"Strong positive selection biases identity-by-descent-based inferences of recent demography and population structure in Plasmodium falciparum","volume":"15","author":"B Guo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"1","key":"pgph.0004999.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2665","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-10121-3","article-title":"Genomic structure and diversity of Plasmodium falciparum in Southeast Asia reveal recent parasite migration patterns","volume":"10","author":"AC Shetty","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"1","key":"pgph.0004999.ref050","first-page":"439","article-title":"Simple Features for R: Standardized Support for Spatial Vector Data","volume":"10","author":"E Pebesma","year":"2018","journal-title":"R Journal"},{"key":"pgph.0004999.ref051","volume-title":"GEOS computational geometry library","author":"Contributors G","year":"2024"},{"issue":"9","key":"pgph.0004999.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1288","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.203711.115","article-title":"Indels, structural variation, and recombination drive genomic diversity in Plasmodium falciparum","volume":"26","author":"A Miles","year":"2016","journal-title":"Genome Res"},{"key":"pgph.0004999.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.12688\/wellcomeopenres.14571.1","article-title":"Long read assemblies of geographically dispersed Plasmodium falciparum isolates reveal highly structured subtelomeres","volume":"3","author":"TD Otto","year":"2018","journal-title":"Wellcome Open Res"},{"key":"pgph.0004999.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-12-429","article-title":"Population genetics of Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax and asymptomatic malaria in Temotu Province, Solomon Islands","volume":"12","author":"K-A Gray","year":"2013","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"pgph.0004999.ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182099003972","article-title":"A clonal Plasmodium falciparum population in an isolated outbreak of malaria in the Republic of Cabo Verde","author":"AP Arez","year":"1999","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"issue":"1","key":"pgph.0004999.ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-019-2784-0","article-title":"Use cases for genetic epidemiology in malaria elimination","volume":"18","author":"R Dalmat","year":"2019","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"pgph.0004999.ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.22-0749","article-title":"Bridging the Gap from Molecular Surveillance to Programmatic Decisions for Malaria Control and Elimination","volume":"112","author":"M Golumbeanu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"1","key":"pgph.0004999.ref058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-019-2880-1","article-title":"Applying next-generation sequencing to track falciparum malaria in sub-Saharan Africa","volume":"18","author":"SK Tessema","year":"2019","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"issue":"2","key":"pgph.0004999.ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1111\/mec.12099","article-title":"Population genetic correlates of declining transmission in a human pathogen","volume":"22","author":"SC Nkhoma","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol Ecol"},{"issue":"8","key":"pgph.0004999.ref060","article-title":"Malaria Genomics in the Era of Eradication","volume":"7","author":"DE Neafsey","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Cold Spring Harbor Perspect Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"pgph.0004999.ref061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1346","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiz305","article-title":"High Genetic Diversity of Plasmodium falciparum in the Low-Transmission Setting of the Kingdom of Eswatini","volume":"220","author":"ME Roh","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"pgph.0004999.ref062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13515","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-49991-4","article-title":"Long-distance transmission patterns modelled from SNP barcodes of Plasmodium falciparum infections in The Gambia","volume":"9","author":"A Amambua-Ngwa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"pgph.0004999.ref063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.552698","article-title":"Genome-wide analysis of the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum isolates from Togo reveals selective signals in immune selection-related antigen genes","volume":"11","author":"K Kassegne","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pgph.0004999.ref064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-020-03384-5","article-title":"Genetic diversity of Plasmodium falciparum in Grande Comore Island","volume":"19","author":"N Papa Mze","year":"2020","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"issue":"1","key":"pgph.0004999.ref065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-020-03347-w","article-title":"Malaria outbreak in Riaba district, Bioko Island: lessons learned","volume":"19","author":"CA Guerra","year":"2020","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"pgph.0004999.ref066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-10-184","article-title":"Outdoor host seeking behaviour of Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes following initiation of malaria vector control on Bioko Island, Equatorial Guinea","volume":"10","author":"MR Reddy","year":"2011","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"pgph.0004999.ref067","volume-title":"Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Africa and the Middle East","author":"J Stokes","year":"2009"},{"key":"pgph.0004999.ref068","unstructured":"CIA. Equatorial Guinea: People and Society. 2024. Available from: https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/equatorial-guinea\/"},{"key":"pgph.0004999.ref069","unstructured":"CIA. Cameroon: People and Society. 2024. Available from: https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/cameroon\/"},{"issue":"1","key":"pgph.0004999.ref070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-023-01129-5","article-title":"Risk of imported malaria infections in Zanzibar: a cross-sectional study","volume":"12","author":"BS Fakih","year":"2023","journal-title":"Infect Dis Poverty"},{"key":"pgph.0004999.ref071","unstructured":"Tralac. S\u00e3o Tom\u00e9 and Principe: 2019 intra-Africa trade and tariff profile. 2020."},{"issue":"1","key":"pgph.0004999.ref072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-020-3137-8","article-title":"Falciparum malaria from coastal Tanzania and Zanzibar remains highly connected despite effective control efforts on the archipelago","volume":"19","author":"AP Morgan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"pgph.0004999.ref073","article-title":"Avalia\u00e7\u00e3o do desempenho do Programa Nacional de Luda Contra o Paludismo em S\u00e3o Tom\u00e9 and Pr\u00edncipe - 2017-2021","author":"Minist\u00e9rio da Sa\u00fade RdSTeP","year":"2022"},{"issue":"1","key":"pgph.0004999.ref074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-018-2354-x","article-title":"Malaria determining risk factors at the household level in two rural villages of mainland Equatorial Guinea","volume":"17","author":"M Guerra","year":"2018","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"issue":"12","key":"pgph.0004999.ref075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgph.0000014","article-title":"Plasmodium falciparum parasite prevalence in East Africa: Updating data for malaria stratification","volume":"1","author":"VA Alegana","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLOS Glob Public Health"},{"key":"pgph.0004999.ref076","article-title":"Genetic surveillance reveals low, sustained malaria transmission with clonal replacement in Sao Tome and Principe","author":"YA Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"issue":"1","key":"pgph.0004999.ref077","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9522","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-36002-w","article-title":"Genome-wide genetic variation and molecular surveillance of drug resistance in Plasmodium falciparum isolates from asymptomatic individuals in Ou\u00e9less\u00e9bougou, Mali","volume":"13","author":"LN Vanheer","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci Rep"}],"container-title":["PLOS Global Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pgph.0004999","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,19]],"date-time":"2025-08-19T17:31:49Z","timestamp":1755624709000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pgph.0004999"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Louisa Alexandra","family":"Messenger","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,19]]},"references-count":77,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,19]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pgph.0004999","relation":{},"ISSN":["2767-3375"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2767-3375","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,19]]}}}