{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T17:55:22Z","timestamp":1781546122495,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781481600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004417","name":"Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NFM3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NFM3"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004417","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosglobalpublichealth.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLOS Glob Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Tuberculosis (TB) related stigma remains a significant barrier to TB care and treatment adherence in Kenya. Despite progress in TB control, stigma continues to affect individuals diagnosed with TB and their families, leading to delayed healthcare-seeking behaviors, social exclusion, and economic consequences. This study examines the prevalence and dimensions of TB-related stigma among people infected and affected by TB in Kenya. A cross-sectional study was conducted in November 2023. Data were collected from people with TB (PWTB) in 180 health facilities across 11 counties in Kenya. Recruitment started on 11\/05\/2023 and ended on 11\/05\/2024. A multistage stratified sampling method was employed to ensure regional representation. Stigma levels were assessed using a structured stigma index, and logistic outputs was used to analyze factors associated with stigma. A total of 357 PWTB were included in the analysis. Most (67%) were men and the median age was 35 years. The study found high levels of community stigma (68%), family stigma (52%), healthcare system stigma (51%) and self-stigma (49%). Further, multivariable logistic regression indicated that participants with secondary or higher education had significantly higher odds of reporting stigma compared with those with primary education or less (Adjusted OR = 9.30, 95% CI: 2.01\u201357.3, p\u2009=\u20090.008), while female participants had significantly higher odds of reporting stigma compared with males (Adjusted OR = 4.02, 95% CI: 1.14\u201315.6, p\u2009=\u20090.035). TB-related stigma in Kenya is prevalent across multiple dimensions, with community, family level, healthcare system and self-stigma particularly prominent. Female sex and higher educational attainment were independently associated with reporting stigma. These findings highlight the need for targeted community-based stigma reduction strategies, integration of psychosocial support within TB care, and gender-responsive strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgph.0005283","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T17:25:21Z","timestamp":1781544321000},"page":"e0005283","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pgph.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Settings, characteristics, and experiences of stigma among people with tuberculosis in Kenya: National survey results"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"6","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5578-3688","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Aiban","family":"Ronoh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7832-924X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Joshua","family":"Limo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7472-3760","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Lazarus","family":"Odeny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen","family":"Macharia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachael","family":"Muinde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joyce","family":"Kiarie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5481-8447","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jane","family":"Ong\u2019ang\u2019o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nkirote","family":"Mwirigi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-1944-5913","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Drusilla","family":"Nyaboke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Evaline","family":"Kibuchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Timothy","family":"Kilonzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rose","family":"Wandia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-0828-5876","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"L. Nkirote","family":"Mugambi-Nyaboga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Immaculate","family":"Kathure","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"pgph.0005283.ref001","volume-title":"Global tuberculosis report 2023","year":"2023"},{"key":"pgph.0005283.ref002","unstructured":"2023 Annual report-division of tuberculosis and other lung diseases. 2023."},{"issue":"12","key":"pgph.0005283.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0209098","article-title":"Kenya tuberculosis prevalence survey 2016: challenges and opportunities of ending TB in Kenya","volume":"13","author":"M Enos","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"pgph.0005283.ref004","unstructured":"United Nations. Political declaration of the UN General Assembly high-level meeting on the fight to end tuberculosis. 2018. https:\/\/www.un.org\/en\/ga\/search\/view_doc.asp?symbol=A\/RES\/73\/3"},{"issue":"3","key":"pgph.0005283.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1080\/13548500600595053","article-title":"Health-related stigma: rethinking concepts and interventions","volume":"11","author":"MG Weiss","year":"2006","journal-title":"Psychol Health Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"pgph.0005283.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-019-1271-3","article-title":"The health stigma and discrimination framework: a global, crosscutting framework to inform research, intervention development, and policy on health-related stigmas","volume":"17","author":"AL Stangl","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"key":"pgph.0005283.ref007","unstructured":"Mahajan AP, Sayles JN, Patel VA, Remien RH, Sawires SR, Ortiz DJ. Stigma in the HIV\/AIDS epidemic: a review of the literature and recommendations for the way forward."},{"issue":"10","key":"pgph.0005283.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0240457","article-title":"Burden of stigma among tuberculosis patients in a pastoralist community in Kenya: a mixed methods study","volume":"15","author":"GW Mbuthia","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"7","key":"pgph.0005283.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2019-002280","article-title":"Factors influencing diagnosis and treatment initiation for multidrug-resistant\/rifampicin-resistant tuberculosis in six sub-Saharan African countries: a mixed-methods systematic review","volume":"5","author":"C Oga-Omenka","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ Glob Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"pgph.0005283.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s13643-024-02751-6","article-title":"Community-based interventions against HIV-related stigma: a systematic review of evidence in Sub-Saharan Africa","volume":"14","author":"E Kimera","year":"2025","journal-title":"Systematic Reviews"},{"issue":"11","key":"pgph.0005283.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgph.0003932","article-title":"Cognitive dissonance in tuberculosis stigma: a mixed methods analysis of tuberculosis stigma measurement in South Africa","volume":"4","author":"AJ Bergman","year":"2024","journal-title":"PLOS Glob Public Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"pgph.0005283.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2023-077989","article-title":"Gendered gaps to tuberculosis prevention and care in Kenya: a political economy analysis study","volume":"14","author":"LH Abdullahi","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"22","key":"pgph.0005283.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14998","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph192214998","article-title":"Perceptions, attitudes, experiences and opinions of tuberculosis associated stigma: a qualitative study of the perspectives among the bolgatanga municipality people of Ghana","volume":"19","author":"KATME Huq","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"pgph.0005283.ref014","article-title":"Stigma matters in ending tuberculosis: nationwide survey of stigma in Ethiopia","author":"DG Datiko","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"06","key":"pgph.0005283.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.55489\/njcm.140620233011","article-title":"Prevalence of stigma among TB patients and its associated factors - 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