{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T18:05:21Z","timestamp":1785175521184,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785110400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U19AI089680"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U19AI089680"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["T32 AI007417"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32 AI007417"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["T32 AI138953"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32 AI138953"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosglobalpublichealth.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLOS Glob Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Despite a decade of indoor residual spraying, malaria remains holoendemic in Nchelenge District in northern Zambia. This study examined the hypothesis that the intransigence of malaria in Nchelenge District is due in part to early evening and outdoor foraging of local anopheline species. Three replicate collections were performed at 24 households using CDC light traps over 6 weeks during the dry season of 2019. Traps were set indoors, in animal pens, and in outdoor gathering spaces from 16:00\u201322:00, and overnight indoors in all households during the third replicate. Twelve anopheline species were collected in early-evening traps. The major vector,\n                    <jats:italic>Anopheles funestus,<\/jats:italic>\n                    dominated collections (n\u2009=\u20091,865, 68.2%) and were captured primarily indoors (n\u2009=\u20091,370, 73.4%). Specimens with detectable human blood and\n                    <jats:italic>Plasmodium falciparum<\/jats:italic>\n                    positive specimens were found in all three trap types, indicating that infected anopheline foraging occurred before 22:00. EIR estimates for early-evening anophelines varied spatially and by species and were highest among indoor caught\n                    <jats:italic>An. funestus<\/jats:italic>\n                    at inland locations (18.74 bites\/person\/6months). There was little difference in anopheline abundance, blooded rates, and sporozoite infection rate when evening and overnight traps were compared, indicating there may be similar anopheline activity before and after 22:00. Overall, this study adds to the growing body of evidence that malaria transmission is not limited to late-night, indoor settings in Nchelenge District, Zambia.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgph.0005307","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T17:43:51Z","timestamp":1785174231000},"page":"e0005307","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pgph.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Early-evening indoor and outdoor foraging by major malaria vectors in Nchelenge, Zambia"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Mary E.","family":"Gebhardt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-9352-537X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Hannah L.","family":"Markle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachel 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M.","family":"Ippolito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer C.","family":"Stevenson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6579-3513","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"William J.","family":"Moss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4631-2777","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Douglas E.","family":"Norris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"pgph.0005307.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1234","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.15-0735","article-title":"Habitat Partitioning of Malaria Vectors in Nchelenge District, Zambia","volume":"94","author":"Southern Africa 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Malaria overview and burden. https:\/\/www.severemalaria.org\/countries\/zambia 2023 October 1."},{"key":"pgph.0005307.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-8-19","article-title":"The multiplicity of malaria transmission: a review of entomological inoculation rate measurements and methods across sub-Saharan Africa","volume":"8","author":"LA Kelly-Hope","year":"2009","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"issue":"1","key":"pgph.0005307.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-016-1813-x","article-title":"Human-biting activities of Anopheles species in south-central Ethiopia","volume":"9","author":"O Kenea","year":"2016","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"pgph.0005307.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-015-0766-4","article-title":"\u201cA bite before bed\u201d: exposure to malaria vectors outside the times of net use in the highlands of western Kenya","volume":"14","author":"MK Cooke","year":"2015","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"issue":"1","key":"pgph.0005307.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-017-1740-0","article-title":"Bites before and after bedtime can carry a high risk of human malaria infection","volume":"16","author":"MP Milali","year":"2017","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"issue":"4","key":"pgph.0005307.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3597","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20043597","article-title":"Species composition, seasonal abundance, and biting behavior of malaria vectors in rural Conhane village, southern Mozambique","volume":"20","author":"G Salom\u00e9","year":"2023","journal-title":"International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"pgph.0005307.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16139","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-73073-5","article-title":"Extensive new Anopheles cryptic species involved in human malaria transmission in western Kenya","volume":"10","author":"D Zhong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"pgph.0005307.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-018-2189-5","article-title":"The importance of morphological identification of African anopheline mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) for malaria control programmes","volume":"17","author":"E Erlank","year":"2018","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"issue":"1","key":"pgph.0005307.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms12010082","article-title":"Revolutionizing Malaria Vector Control: The Importance of Accurate Species Identification through Enhanced Molecular Capacity","volume":"12","author":"MT Hadebe","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"pgph.0005307.ref047","first-page":"3","article-title":"The phylogeny and classification of Anopheles","volume-title":"Anopheles mosquitoes\u2014new insights into malaria vectors","author":"RE Harbach","year":"2013"}],"container-title":["PLOS Global Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pgph.0005307","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T17:43:58Z","timestamp":1785174238000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pgph.0005307"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Julia","family":"Robinson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pgph.0005307","relation":{},"ISSN":["2767-3375"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2767-3375","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]]}}}