{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T17:59:01Z","timestamp":1790618341114,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790553600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000200","name":"United States Agency for International Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000200","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009830","name":"Margaret A. Cargill Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009830","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008391","name":"UBS Optimus Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008391","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosglobalpublichealth.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLOS Glob Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Liberia instituted a National Community Health Assistant Program (NCHAP) to increase primary healthcare access for residents living &gt;5 km from health facilities. We evaluated the impact of this program on under-five mortality in rural Grand Bassa County as it was rolled out, between 2018 and 2022. The program was implemented in a stepped manner two districts at-a-time across Grand Bassa County from 2018 to 2022, allowing for a quasi-experimental observational stepped-wedge impact evaluation. We conducted a household census in 2022 to collect birth and death histories from all mothers in the program catchment area. We fitted mixed-effects Cox proportional hazards models to estimate the relative hazard of death among children &lt;5 in the before- and under-intervention periods. We also compared data from the 2022 survey with a 2018 baseline household survey to estimate changes in care-seeking and healthcare service delivery coverage. We surveyed 22,315 female respondents about 32,743 children &lt;5 who contributed person-time to the analysis. We found no difference in &lt;5 mortality between the before- and under-intervention periods (unadjusted U5MR under intervention was higher at 62.0 versus 56.3 deaths per live births; adjusted hazard ratio 1.03 (95%CI 0.82-1.31). Care-seeking from a qualified healthcare provider for fever, diarrhea, or acute respiratory infection increased (27.0% to 53.7%; p\u2009&lt;\u20090.001); and care-seeking decreased from drugstores (16.4% to 4.9%, p\u2009&lt;\u20090.001) and black-market providers (42.4% to 22.7%, p\u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Full vaccination among 12\u201323-month-olds decreased (16.2% in 2018 to 3.5% in 2022 (p\u2009&lt;\u20090.001)) while facility-based delivery increased (41.0% to 57.1% (p\u2009&lt;\u20090.001)). We detected no reduction in under-five mortality during initial implementation of the national CHA program in one Liberian county. Coverage of childhood treatment for high-priority conditions improved, and we observed a shift in care-seeking to trained providers. These results suggest potential program benefits, but additional interventions, some of which are already underway, will be needed to reduce under-five mortality.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgph.0005681","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T17:25:31Z","timestamp":1790616331000},"page":"e0005681","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pgph.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Early impact of the Liberian National Community Health Assistant Program on under-five mortality in Grand Bassa County: A non-randomized stepped wedge evaluation"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Hawa I.","family":"Obaje","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Last Mile Health","place":["Monrovia, Liberia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2698-7002","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Emily E.","family":"White","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Last Mile Health","place":["Monrovia, Liberia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mardieh","family":"Dennis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Last Mile Health","place":["Monrovia, Liberia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dominik","family":"Jockers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Heidelberg Institute of Public Health, University of Heidelberg","place":["Heidelberg, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Till","family":"B\u00e4rnighausen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Heidelberg Institute of Public Health, University of Heidelberg","place":["Heidelberg, Germany"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Avi","family":"Kenny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Last Mile Health","place":["Monrovia, Liberia"]},{"name":"Duke University","place":["Durham, North Carolina, United States of America"],"department":["Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9861-1218","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jeffrey W.","family":"Rozelle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Last Mile Health","place":["Monrovia, Liberia"]},{"name":"Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University","place":["Durham, North Carolina, United States of America"]},{"name":"Spatial Sciences Institute, Dornsife College of Letters, Arts, and Sciences, University of Southern California","place":["Los Angeles, California, United States of America"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert G.","family":"Karlay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Last Mile Health","place":["Monrovia, Liberia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Savior F.","family":"Mendin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Last Mile Health","place":["Monrovia, Liberia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lekilay G.","family":"Tehmeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Last Mile Health","place":["Monrovia, Liberia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brittney","family":"Varpilah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Last Mile Health","place":["Monrovia, Liberia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ben","family":"Grant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Last Mile Health","place":["Monrovia, Liberia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9135-6197","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Marion","family":"Subah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Last Mile Health","place":["Monrovia, Liberia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Harris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grand Bassa County Health Team","place":["Buchanan, Liberia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S. Olasford","family":"Wiah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ministry of Health","place":["Monrovia, Liberia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nelson","family":"Dunbar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ministry of Health","place":["Monrovia, Liberia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C. Sanford","family":"Wesseh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ministry of Health","place":["Monrovia, Liberia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa R.","family":"Hirschhorn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Last Mile Health","place":["Monrovia, Liberia"]},{"name":"Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine","place":["Chicago, Illinois, United States of America"],"department":["Ryan Center for Global Primary Care"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3506-842X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mark J.","family":"Siedner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Last Mile Health","place":["Monrovia, Liberia"]},{"name":"Harvard Medical School","place":["Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America"]},{"name":"Massachusetts General Hospital","place":["Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America"],"department":["Division of Infectious Diseases"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8769-3393","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"John D.","family":"Kraemer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Last Mile Health","place":["Monrovia, Liberia"]},{"name":"Georgetown University School of Health","place":["Washington, District of Columbia, United States of America"],"department":["Department of Health Management and Policy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"pgph.0005681.ref001","volume-title":"World Health Statistics 2025: Monitoring health for the SDGs [Internet] [cited 2025 Jul 14]","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2025"},{"key":"pgph.0005681.ref002","volume-title":"Liberia Demographic and Health Survey 2019-2020 [Internet]","author":"Liberia Institute of Statistics and Geo-Information Services, Ministry of Health, ICF","year":"2021"},{"key":"pgph.0005681.ref003","unstructured":"Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 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