{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T08:50:36Z","timestamp":1789203036830,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]],"date-time":"2026-06-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781222400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000272","name":"NIHR","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["NIHR134801"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIHR134801"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000272","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["305644\/Z\/23\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["305644\/Z\/23\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["225925\/Z\/22\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["225925\/Z\/22\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["226306\/Z\/22\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["226306\/Z\/22\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosglobalpublichealth.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLOS Glob Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Hydro-meteorological and geological disasters can pose serious harm to community health, such as an increased risk of infectious diseases and related mortality. We conducted a scoping review to compile the available literature on the effects of hydro-meteorological and geological disasters on routine immunisation and vaccine-preventable disease (VPD) outbreaks among children and adolescents under 18 years. We searched Medline, Embase, Global Health, Scopus, and Web of Science for original studies and systematic reviews on the topic published by the 21st of October 2024. We included studies that quantitatively analysed the effect of any of the thirty Emergency Events Database (EM-DAT) recognised hydro-meteorological and geological disasters (or those fitting EM-DAT criteria) on a comprehensive list of World Health Organization (WHO)-recommended vaccines and the 23 diseases against which they prevent. We included 26 studies, of which 19 concerned with vaccine-preventable disease outbreaks and seven focused on routine immunisation disruption.. Our review indicates that floods, cyclones, droughts, extreme temperatures, tsunamis, and earthquakes may result in vaccine-preventable disease outbreaks and routine immunisation disruption, and identified young children and refugees as at-risk populations. Flooding was reported to be associated with water-borne and vector-borne vaccine-preventable disease outbreaks such as malaria. Poor water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) were further recognised as facilitating conditions for vaccine-preventable disease outbreaks after disasters. The vaccination studies reported reduction in routine immunisation rates in the months following a disaster, considering infrastructural damage to health facilities and vaccine storage issues as common causes. Finally, there was significant knowledge gap on the effects of specific disasters (e.g., wildfires and volcanic eruptions) and diseases (e.g., influenza, yellow fever, malaria, and dengue).In conclusion, our review reinforce the need for better policies to ensure vaccine equity, resilient health system and safe WASH to prevent vaccine-preventable disease (VPD) outbreaks following hydro-meteorological and geological disasters.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgph.0005712","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]],"date-time":"2026-06-12T17:29:30Z","timestamp":1781285370000},"page":"e0005712","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pgph.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Effects of hydro-meteorological and geological disasters on vaccine-preventable disease outbreaks and routine immunisation amongst children: A scoping review"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Isabel T.","family":"Barnidge","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea J. F.","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sari","family":"Kovats","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sofia R. M.","family":"Velasco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3741-7099","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Alastair","family":"Leyland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3918-0286","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Luiz Augusto","family":"Galvao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3545-3590","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Gervasio F.","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Enny S.","family":"Paixao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mauricio L.","family":"Barreto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth B.","family":"Brickley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8711-9589","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Julia M.","family":"Pescarini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"on behalf of the Global Health Research Unit on the Social and Environmental Determinants of Health Inequalities (SEDHI)","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"pgph.0005712.ref001","unstructured":"United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction UNDRR. The Sendai Framework Terminology on Disaster Risk Reduction. 2017."},{"key":"pgph.0005712.ref002","article-title":"Peril classification and hazard glossary. 1","year":"2014"},{"key":"pgph.0005712.ref003","unstructured":"Human cost of disasters: an overview of the last 20 years (2000-2019). 2020."},{"key":"pgph.0005712.ref004","article-title":"WMO Atlas of Mortality and Economic Losses from Weather, Climate and Water Extremes (1970-2019). WMO-No.1267","year":"2021"},{"key":"pgph.0005712.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-publhealth-012420-105026","article-title":"Extreme Weather and Climate Change: Population Health and Health System Implications","volume":"42","author":"KL Ebi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Annual Review of Public Health"},{"key":"pgph.0005712.ref006","article-title":"Global assessment report on disaster risk reduction - our world at risk: transforming governance for a resilient future","year":"2022"},{"key":"pgph.0005712.ref007","unstructured":"Bliss KE, Burke M. Reaching People in Fragile and Conflict-Affected Settings with Immunization Services. 2023."},{"issue":"5","key":"pgph.0005712.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2023-072794","article-title":"Identifying characteristics that enable resilient immunisation programmes: a scoping review","volume":"14","author":"L Baxter","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"7","key":"pgph.0005712.ref009","first-page":"956","article-title":"Prevention of communicable diseases after disaster: A review","volume":"16","author":"N Jafari","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Res Med Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"pgph.0005712.ref010","first-page":"83","article-title":"The Impact of Natural Disasters on Child Health and Investments in Rural India","volume":"76","author":"A Datar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"pgph.0005712.ref011","unstructured":"PRISMA for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR). Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). https:\/\/www.prisma-statement.org\/PRISMA-ScR 2024."},{"key":"pgph.0005712.ref012","unstructured":"EM-DAT Home. Emergency Events Database (EM-DAT). https:\/\/www.emdat.be. 2023."},{"key":"pgph.0005712.ref013","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2024"},{"key":"pgph.0005712.ref014","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Vaccine-preventable diseases (including pipeline vaccines). Immunization, Vaccines, and Biologicals. https:\/\/www.who.int\/immunization\/vaccines\/en\/. 2025."},{"issue":"143","key":"pgph.0005712.ref015","article-title":"Measles transmission following the tsunami in a population with a high one-dose vaccination coverage, Tamil Nadu, India 2004\u20132005","volume":"6","author":"A Mohan","year":"2006","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"issue":"10","key":"pgph.0005712.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2008.01.006","article-title":"Post-earthquake outbreak of rotavirus gastroenteritis in Kashmir (India): an epidemiological analysis","volume":"122","author":"S Karmakar","year":"2008","journal-title":"Public Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"pgph.0005712.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.4103\/1755-6783.102016","article-title":"An outbreak investigation of measles after the tsunami in Cuddalore district, Tamil Nadu","volume":"5","author":"S Balasubramaniam","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann Trop Med Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"pgph.0005712.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2013.06.015","article-title":"Incidence of Japanese encephalitis, visceral leishmaniasis and malaria before and after the Wenchuan earthquake, in China","volume":"128","author":"S Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"issue":"7","key":"pgph.0005712.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1204927","article-title":"Cholera Surveillance during the Haiti Epidemic \u2014 The First 2 Years","volume":"368","author":"EJ Barzilay","year":"2013","journal-title":"New England Journal of Medicine"},{"issue":"10","key":"pgph.0005712.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2273","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.29.10.2273-2279.1991","article-title":"Analysis of human rotavirus strains prevailing in Bangladesh in relation to nationwide floods brought by the 1988 monsoon","volume":"29","author":"MU Ahmed","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"pgph.0005712.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(92)90451-H","article-title":"Poliomyelitis outbreak in Natal\/KwaZulu, South Africa, 1987-1988. 1. Epidemiology","volume":"86","author":"A van Middelkoop","year":"1992","journal-title":"Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"},{"issue":"6","key":"pgph.0005712.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1067","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2006.74.1067","article-title":"Diarrheal Epidemics in Dhaka, Bangladesh, During Three Consecutive Floods: 1988, 1998, and 2004","volume":"74","author":"BS Schwartz","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"5","key":"pgph.0005712.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0097520","article-title":"A mixed method to evaluate burden of malaria due to flooding and waterlogging in Mengcheng County, China: a case study","volume":"9","author":"G Ding","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"9","key":"pgph.0005712.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1403","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiw363","article-title":"Severe Flooding and Malaria Transmission in the Western Ugandan Highlands: Implications for Disease Control in an Era of Global Climate Change","volume":"214","author":"R Boyce","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"pgph.0005712.ref025","article-title":"Impact of the 2013 Floods on the Incidence of Malaria in Almanagil Locality, Gezira State, Sudan","author":"YEA Elsanousi","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS Curr"},{"key":"pgph.0005712.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.08.030","article-title":"Association between floods and typhoid fever in Yongzhou, China: Effects and vulnerable groups","volume":"167","author":"Z Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"pgph.0005712.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17020487","article-title":"Pathogen-Specific Impacts of the 2011-2012 La Ni\u00f1a-Associated Floods on Enteric Infections in the MAL-ED Peru Cohort: A Comparative Interrupted Time Series Analysis","volume":"17","author":"J Colston","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"pgph.0005712.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1331","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-023-16220-7","article-title":"Public health priorities for Sino-Africa cooperation in Eastern Africa in context of flooding and malaria burden in Children: a tridecadal retrospective analysis","volume":"23","author":"JK Balikuddembe","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"pgph.0005712.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2010.12.008","article-title":"Waterborne cholera outbreak following Cyclone Aila in Sundarban area of West Bengal, India, 2009","volume":"105","author":"R Bhunia","year":"2011","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"1","key":"pgph.0005712.ref030","first-page":"31","article-title":"Cholera outbreak linked with lack of safe water supply following a tropical cyclone in Pondicherry, India, 2012","volume":"33","author":"T Fredrick","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Health Popul Nutr"},{"issue":"5","key":"pgph.0005712.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2205.151743","article-title":"Increased Rotavirus Prevalence in Diarrheal Outbreak Precipitated by Localized Flooding, Solomon Islands, 2014","volume":"22","author":"FK Jones","year":"2016","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"pgph.0005712.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2018.08.012","article-title":"Influences of heatwave, rainfall, and tree cover on cholera in Bangladesh","volume":"120","author":"J Wu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"issue":"9","key":"pgph.0005712.ref033","article-title":"The association between tropical cyclones and dengue fever in the Pearl River Delta, China during 2013-2018: A time-stratified case-crossover study","volume":"15","author":"C Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"pgph.0005712.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.16-0802","article-title":"Expansion of Vaccination Services and Strengthening Vaccine-Preventable Diseases Surveillance in Haiti, 2010\u20132016","volume":"97","author":"RA Tohme","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"pgph.0005712.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proeng.2018.01.110","article-title":"Natural disasters and public health in the era of Sustainable Development Goals: a retrospective study of the October 2015 Hindu Kush earthquake in Pakistan","volume":"212","author":"J Ahmad","year":"2018","journal-title":"Procedia Engineering"},{"issue":"2","key":"pgph.0005712.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.33314\/jnhrc.v18i2.2247","article-title":"Status of Maternal and Child Health Seeking Behavior among Women Aged 15-45 Years during Earthquake of 2015 in Nepal: A Mixed Method Study","volume":"18","author":"JK Thapa","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Nepal Health Res Counc"},{"key":"pgph.0005712.ref037","first-page":"153","article-title":"The impacts of the 2015 Gorkha earthquake on Children\u2019s health in Nepal","author":"B Khanal","year":"2022","journal-title":"World Dev"},{"issue":"12","key":"pgph.0005712.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5623","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2021.2004809","article-title":"Effect of Hurricane Maria on HPV, Tdap, and Meningococcal Conjugate Vaccination Rates in Puerto Rico, 2015\u20132019","volume":"17","author":"V Col\u00f3n-L\u00f3pez","year":"2021","journal-title":"Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics"},{"issue":"9","key":"pgph.0005712.ref039","article-title":"Maternal and Child Health Care Service Disruptions and Recovery in Mozambique After Cyclone Idai: An Uncontrolled Interrupted Time Series Analysis","volume":"18","author":"Q Fernandes","year":"2021","journal-title":"Glob Health Sci Pract"},{"issue":"9","key":"pgph.0005712.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1003678","article-title":"Drought and child vaccination coverage in 22 countries in sub-Saharan Africa: A retrospective analysis of national survey data from 2011 to 2019","volume":"18","author":"JM Nagata","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"pgph.0005712.ref041","unstructured":"The World Bank. 2025. World Bank Country and Lending Groups."},{"key":"pgph.0005712.ref042","unstructured":"Adil L, Eckstein D, K\u00fcnzel V, Sch\u00e4fer L. Climate Risk Index 2026. 2025."},{"key":"pgph.0005712.ref043","article-title":"Chapter 16: Key Risks across Sectors and Regions","volume-title":"Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability","author":"IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change","year":"2022"},{"issue":"3","key":"pgph.0005712.ref044","article-title":"Vaccine equity: past, present, and future","volume":"3","author":"R van der Graaf","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Rep Med"},{"key":"pgph.0005712.ref045","article-title":"A vaccine tax: ensuring a more equitable global vaccine distribution","volume":"48","author":"A Albertsen","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Med Ethics"},{"key":"pgph.0005712.ref046","article-title":"Ethnic disparities in immunisation: analyses of zero-dose prevalence in 64 countries","author":"BO Cata-Preta","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ Glob Health"},{"key":"pgph.0005712.ref047","unstructured":"South Africa DI. Population distribution in the region: Census figures underestimate Black numbers. https:\/\/www.digitalinnovationsouthafrica.com 2023 October 1."},{"issue":"1","key":"pgph.0005712.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16010001","article-title":"Effects of Malnutrition on the Immune System and Infection and the Role of Nutritional Strategies Regarding Improvements in Children\u2019s Health Status: A Literature Review","volume":"16","author":"F Morales","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"9","key":"pgph.0005712.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1808","DOI":"10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_596_23","article-title":"Vaccine and malnutrition: A narrative review","volume":"12","author":"SK Tripathy","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Family Med Prim Care"},{"issue":"9","key":"pgph.0005712.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2021-006778","article-title":"Natural disasters, population displacement and health emergencies: multiple public health threats in Mozambique","volume":"6","author":"VA Mugabe","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ Glob Health"},{"key":"pgph.0005712.ref051","unstructured":"UNICEF. Immunization and conflict. http:\/\/www.unicef.org 2023 October 1."},{"issue":"13","key":"pgph.0005712.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2313.170550","article-title":"Lessons Learned from Emergency Response Vaccination Efforts for Cholera, Typhoid, Yellow Fever, and Ebola","volume":"23","author":"JA Walldorf","year":"2017","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"12","key":"pgph.0005712.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1743","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines11121743","article-title":"A Systematic Review of Vaccination Guidance for Humanitarian Responses","volume":"11","author":"LE Allison","year":"2023","journal-title":"Vaccines (Basel)"},{"key":"pgph.0005712.ref054","unstructured":"Vaccination in humanitarian emergencies: implementation guide. 2017."},{"issue":"1","key":"pgph.0005712.ref055","article-title":"Infectious Diarrhea Risks as a Public Health Emergency in Floods; a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"12","author":"MS Yazdi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Arch Acad Emerg Med"},{"key":"pgph.0005712.ref056","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Preventing Diarrheal Illness After A Disaster. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov 2023.2023."},{"issue":"1","key":"pgph.0005712.ref057","first-page":"111","article-title":"Key Aspects of Providing Healthcare Services in Disaster Response Stage","volume":"44","author":"SS Pourhosseini","year":"2015","journal-title":"Iran J Public Health"},{"issue":"12","key":"pgph.0005712.ref058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1833","DOI":"10.1017\/ice.2022.27","article-title":"Delays and declines in seasonal influenza vaccinations due to Hurricane Harvey narrow annual gaps in vaccination by race, income and rurality","volume":"43","author":"MA Carrel","year":"2022","journal-title":"Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol"},{"key":"pgph.0005712.ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1017\/9781009157896","volume-title":"Climate Change 2021 \u2013 The Physical Science Basis","author":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change","year":"2023"},{"key":"pgph.0005712.ref060","unstructured":"Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. A warming world means vaccination is more important than ever. http:\/\/example.com 2023 October 1."},{"key":"pgph.0005712.ref061","year":"2023"},{"key":"pgph.0005712.ref062","author":"A Wittenberg","year":"2025"},{"key":"pgph.0005712.ref063","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Essential Programme on Immunization. http:\/\/www.who.int\/immunizatio. 2025."},{"issue":"1","key":"pgph.0005712.ref064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41370-020-00267-4","article-title":"Health effects of wildfire smoke in children and public health tools: a narrative review","volume":"31","author":"SM Holm","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"pgph.0005712.ref065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mpmed.2015.02.005","article-title":"Infectious diarrhoea","volume":"43","author":"P Kelly","year":"2015","journal-title":"Medicine"}],"container-title":["PLOS Global Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pgph.0005712","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]],"date-time":"2026-06-12T17:29:58Z","timestamp":1781285398000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pgph.0005712"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Inayat","family":"Ali","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]]},"references-count":65,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pgph.0005712","relation":{},"ISSN":["2767-3375"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2767-3375","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]]}}}