{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T20:14:20Z","timestamp":1788293660225,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776384000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004423","name":"World Health Organization","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["WHO APW 2023\/1357702-0 and 2024\/1448540-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["WHO APW 2023\/1357702-0 and 2024\/1448540-0"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004423","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosglobalpublichealth.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLOS Glob Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    We conducted a cross-sectional study to estimate the prevalence of urogenital and extragenital sexually transmitted infections (STIs) among men who have sex with men (MSM) with and without urethral discharge syndrome, to assess infections missed by syndromic management, and to describe phenotypic antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of\n                    <jats:italic>Neisseria gonorrhoeae<\/jats:italic>\n                    . The study included 189 MSM attending the Engage Men\u2019s Health Clinic in Johannesburg, South Africa, in 2024. Urethral, rectal and oropharyngeal swabs were tested by multiplex PCR for\n                    <jats:italic>Neisseria gonorrhoeae<\/jats:italic>\n                    (NG),\n                    <jats:italic>Chlamydia trachomatis<\/jats:italic>\n                    (CT),\n                    <jats:italic>Mycoplasma genitalium<\/jats:italic>\n                    (MG) and\n                    <jats:italic>Trichomonas vaginalis<\/jats:italic>\n                    (TV). Genital ulcer swabs were tested for HSV-1\/2, lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV),\n                    <jats:italic>Haemophilus ducreyi<\/jats:italic>\n                    (HD) and\n                    <jats:italic>Treponema pallidum<\/jats:italic>\n                    (TP). Serological diagnostic testing for HIV, hepatitis B virus (HBV) and syphilis was performed. NG isolates underwent culture and antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Among MSM with urethritis, NG was most prevalent (urethra: 80.3%, rectum: 41.7%), followed by CT (urethra: 14.8%, rectum: 11.7%). Pharyngeal NG was more common among MSM with urethritis than those without (18.0% vs 3.1%, p\u2009=\u20090.001). Among MSM without urethritis, rectal NG and CT prevalence were 13.5% and 9.5%; rectal LGV was detected in three cases. Among 22 participants with genital ulcers, an aetiology was identified in eight: HSV-2 (n\u2009=\u20093), TP (n\u2009=\u20094) and LGV (n\u2009=\u20091). All NG isolates were susceptible to ceftriaxone, cefixime, and azithromycin, and had low MICs of gentamicin. HIV, HBsAg and treponemal antibody seroprevalence were 31.4%, 3.2% and 50.8%. Active syphilis (RPR titres \u22651:32) was more frequent among MSM without urethral symptoms. Among MSM with urethritis, CT infection was less likely in those reporting recent insertive oro-anal sex and HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) use. Among MSM without urethritis, any discharge STI was associated with homosexual orientation, HIV positivity and lack of circumcision, NG with HIV positivity and being uncircumcised and CT with HIV positivity. Extragenital and asymptomatic STIs remain common among MSM in Johannesburg, stressing the need for routine multi-site molecular screening and inclusion of rapid serological syphilis testing in national STI guidelines for key populations.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgph.0006256","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T17:31:56Z","timestamp":1776447116000},"page":"e0006256","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pgph.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Sexually transmitted infection prevalence and Neisseria gonorrhoeae antimicrobial resistance patterns in men who have sex with men with or without urethral discharge syndrome in Johannesburg, South Africa, 2024"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"6","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9800-491X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Etienne E.","family":"M\u00fcller","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mpumelelo","family":"Sibanda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6539-5520","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mahlape P.","family":"Mahlangu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9725-9606","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Johanna M. E.","family":"Venter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lindy Y.E.","family":"Gumede","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Duduzile","family":"Valashiya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9707-9485","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Dumisile V.","family":"Maseko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frans","family":"Radebe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-2412-8000","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Thabitha","family":"Mathega","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-7475-6794","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Portia","family":"Baloyi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nelisiwe","family":"Swana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9797-616X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Tendesayi","family":"Kufa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maurice","family":"Greeves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph","family":"Adams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Magnus","family":"Unemo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1008-7413","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ismail","family":"Maatouk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8221-9636","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Bianca","family":"Da Costa Dias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"pgph.0006256.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1186\/s12914-017-0124-4","article-title":"Scrambling for access: availability, accessibility, acceptability and quality of healthcare for lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender people in South Africa","volume":"17","author":"A M\u00fcller","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Int Health Hum Rights"},{"key":"pgph.0006256.ref002","unstructured":"Ritshidze - State of Healthcare for Key Populations in South Africa 2024. Available from: https:\/\/ritshidze.org.za\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Ritshidze-State-of-Healthcare-for-Key-Populations-2024.pdf"},{"issue":"5","key":"pgph.0006256.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2014-051760","article-title":"Oral and anal sex are key to sustaining gonorrhoea at endemic levels in MSM populations: a mathematical model","volume":"91","author":"B Hui","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sex Transm Infect"},{"issue":"10","key":"pgph.0006256.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"922","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0b013e31822a2b2e","article-title":"Infections missed by urethral-only screening for chlamydia or gonorrhea detection among men who have sex with men","volume":"38","author":"JL Marcus","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis"},{"key":"pgph.0006256.ref005","author":"Sexually Transmitted Infections Management Guidelines","year":"2019"},{"issue":"1","key":"pgph.0006256.ref006","first-page":"1450","article-title":"Southern African HIV Clinicians Society 2022 guideline for the management of sexually transmitted infections: Moving towards best practice","volume":"23","author":"RPH Peters","year":"2022","journal-title":"South Afr J HIV Med"},{"key":"pgph.0006256.ref007","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sexually Transmitted Disease Surveillance 2018"},{"issue":"1","key":"pgph.0006256.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1186\/s13643-024-02704-z","article-title":"Prevalence of gonococcal and chlamydial infections among men who have sex with men in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"13","author":"KC Mofolorunsho","year":"2024","journal-title":"Syst Rev"},{"key":"pgph.0006256.ref009","first-page":"5758387","article-title":"Extragenital Infections Caused by Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae: A Review of the Literature","volume":"2016","author":"PA Chan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pgph.0006256.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-024-04968-8","article-title":"Management and prevention of Neisseria meningitidis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae infections in the context of evolving antimicrobial resistance trends","volume":"44","author":"HS Marshall","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"pgph.0006256.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1097\/QCO.0000000000000997","article-title":"STI pathogens in the oropharynx: update on screening and treatment","volume":"37","author":"EPF Chow","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr Opin Infect Dis"},{"key":"pgph.0006256.ref012","first-page":"101663","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae in nine sentinel countries within the World Health Organization Enhanced Gonococcal Antimicrobial Surveillance Programme (EGASP), 2023: a retrospective observational study","volume":"61","author":"I Maatouk","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet Reg Health West Pac"},{"key":"pgph.0006256.ref013","volume-title":"Enhanced Gonococcal Antimicrobial Surveillance Programme (EGASP): Supplementary Protocols","year":"2023"},{"issue":"7","key":"pgph.0006256.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1258\/095646207781147319","article-title":"The clinical manifestations of anorectal infection with lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV) versus non-LGV strains of Chlamydia trachomatis: a case-control study in homosexual men","volume":"18","author":"M Hamill","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int J STD AIDS"},{"key":"pgph.0006256.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-11-70","article-title":"The association between lymphogranuloma venereum and HIV among men who have sex with men: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"11","author":"MM R\u00f6nn","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"issue":"8","key":"pgph.0006256.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2019-054310","article-title":"Prevalence of Mycoplasma genitalium by anatomical site in men who have sex with men: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"96","author":"RL Latimer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sex Transm Infect"},{"issue":"2","key":"pgph.0006256.ref017","first-page":"234","article-title":"Assessment of Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Trichomonas vaginalis prevalence using a molecular Point of Care: Findings from a respondent driven sampling study among MSM","volume":"31","author":"R Aitlhaj-Mhand","year":"2023","journal-title":"Infez Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"pgph.0006256.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0000000000001645","article-title":"Etiological Surveillance of Genital Ulcer Syndrome in South Africa: 2019 to 2020","volume":"49","author":"R Kularatne","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"pgph.0006256.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0194125","article-title":"Trends in the relative prevalence of genital ulcer disease pathogens and association with HIV infection in Johannesburg, South Africa, 2007-2015","volume":"13","author":"RS Kularatne","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"6","key":"pgph.0006256.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.2008.033902","article-title":"Increasing role of herpes simplex virus type 1 in first-episode anogenital herpes in heterosexual women and younger men who have sex with men, 1992-2006","volume":"85","author":"N Ryder","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sex Transm Infect"},{"key":"pgph.0006256.ref021","unstructured":"Guidelines for the management of symptomatic sexually transmitted infections. 2023. https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/9789240024168"},{"issue":"9","key":"pgph.0006256.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0b013e3181d877b7","article-title":"Etiology and STI\/HIV coinfections among patients with urethral and vaginal discharge syndromes in South Africa","volume":"37","author":"S Mhlongo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis"},{"issue":"11","key":"pgph.0006256.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"880","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0b013e318269cf90","article-title":"Prevalence and associations of genital ulcer and urethral pathogens in men presenting with genital ulcer syndrome to primary health care clinics in South Africa","volume":"39","author":"DA Lewis","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis"},{"issue":"8","key":"pgph.0006256.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1311","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1108.050535","article-title":"Real-time polymerase chain reaction to diagnose lymphogranuloma venereum","volume":"11","author":"SA Morr\u00e9","year":"2005","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"pgph.0006256.ref025","first-page":"6","article-title":"Rate of Decline in Nontreponemal Antibody Titers and Seroreversion After Treatment of Early Syphilis","volume":"44","author":"AC Se\u00f1a","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis"},{"key":"pgph.0006256.ref026","unstructured":"Laboratory and point-of-care diagnostic testing for sexually transmitted infections, including HIV. https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/9789240077089"},{"key":"pgph.0006256.ref027","volume-title":"Breakpoint tables for interpretation of MICs and zone diameters","author":"EUCAST","year":"2025"},{"issue":"2","key":"pgph.0006256.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.1007\/s42770-024-01281-6","article-title":"A systematic review of Neisseria gonorrhoeae drug resistance development in South Africa","volume":"55","author":"SH Yakobi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Braz J Microbiol"},{"issue":"8","key":"pgph.0006256.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1885","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkae176","article-title":"The novel 2024 WHO Neisseria gonorrhoeae reference strains for global quality assurance of laboratory investigations and superseded WHO N. gonorrhoeae reference strains-phenotypic, genetic and reference genome characterization","volume":"79","author":"M Unemo","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"issue":"8","key":"pgph.0006256.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0000000000001647","article-title":"Etiological Surveillance of Male Urethritis Syndrome in South Africa: 2019 to 2020","volume":"49","author":"R Kularatne","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis"},{"issue":"7","key":"pgph.0006256.ref031","first-page":"1","article-title":"Microbiological sentinel surveillance of sexually-transmitted infection syndromes in South Africa, 2021\u20132024","volume":"3","author":"T Kufa","year":"2025","journal-title":"Public Health Bulletin South Africa"},{"issue":"9","key":"pgph.0006256.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0138315","article-title":"A Cross Sectional Analysis of Gonococcal and Chlamydial Infections among Men-Who-Have-Sex-with-Men in Cape Town, South Africa","volume":"10","author":"K Rebe","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"4","key":"pgph.0006256.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0000000000001927","article-title":"Extragenital Sexually Transmitted Infections Among High-Risk Men Who Have Sex With Men in Johannesburg, South Africa","volume":"51","author":"BDC Dias","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"pgph.0006256.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciab1022","article-title":"Incidence and Duration of Pharyngeal Chlamydia Among a Cohort of Men Who Have Sex With Men","volume":"75","author":"CM Khosropour","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"8","key":"pgph.0006256.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2021-055368","article-title":"Universal lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV) testing of rectal chlamydia in men who have sex with men and detection of asymptomatic LGV","volume":"98","author":"Y Hughes","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sex Transm Infect"},{"issue":"1","key":"pgph.0006256.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1097\/QCO.0000000000000519","article-title":"Lymphoganuloma venereum in the Western world, 15 years after its re-emergence: new perspectives and research priorities","volume":"32","author":"HJC de Vries","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr Opin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"pgph.0006256.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2019-053972","article-title":"Substantial underdiagnosis of lymphogranuloma venereum in men who have sex with men in Europe: preliminary findings from a multicentre surveillance pilot","volume":"96","author":"MJ Cole","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sex Transm Infect"},{"key":"pgph.0006256.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.12703\/b\/9-3","article-title":"Recent advances in understanding and combatting Mycoplasma genitalium","volume":"9","author":"J Peel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Fac Rev"},{"issue":"4","key":"pgph.0006256.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2504.181258","article-title":"Symptoms, Sites, and Significance of Mycoplasma genitalium in Men Who Have Sex with Men","volume":"25","author":"TRH Read","year":"2019","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"14","key":"pgph.0006256.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1444","DOI":"10.1177\/0956462418788418","article-title":"Rectal Trichomonas vaginalis infection in South African men who have sex with men","volume":"29","author":"CM Hoffman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J STD AIDS"},{"issue":"8","key":"pgph.0006256.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0000000000000479","article-title":"Trichomonas vaginalis Nucleic Acid Amplification Testing at an Urban HIV Clinic","volume":"43","author":"CA Muzny","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"pgph.0006256.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1004385","article-title":"Aetiology of vaginal discharge, urethral discharge, and genital ulcer in sub-Saharan Africa: A systematic review and meta-regression","volume":"21","author":"J Michalow","year":"2024","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"pgph.0006256.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(24)00234-1","article-title":"Prevalence of syphilis among adults and adolescents in five sub-Saharan African countries: findings from Population-based HIV Impact Assessment surveys","volume":"12","author":"M Farahani","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"pgph.0006256.ref044","article-title":"Overview of the epidemiological conditions of HIV among key populations in Africa","author":"H Jin","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Int AIDS Soc"},{"issue":"11","key":"pgph.0006256.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/jia2.26022","article-title":"HIV prevalence among men who have sex with men, transgender women and cisgender male sex workers in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"25","author":"M Kloek","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Int AIDS Soc"},{"key":"pgph.0006256.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2019.06.005","article-title":"Seroprevalence of hepatitis B virus: Findings from a population-based household survey in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa","volume":"85","author":"N Samsunder","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"10","key":"pgph.0006256.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1876","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfma.2020.12.008","article-title":"High prevalence of sexually transmitted coinfections among at-risk people living with HIV","volume":"120","author":"K-Y Lin","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Formos Med Assoc"},{"key":"pgph.0006256.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268823000948","article-title":"Coinfection and repeat bacterial sexually transmitted infections (STI) - retrospective study on male attendees of public STI clinics in an Asia Pacific city","volume":"151","author":"SL Chung","year":"2023","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect"},{"issue":"4","key":"pgph.0006256.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(18)30567-9","article-title":"Circumcision to prevent HIV and other sexually transmitted infections in men who have sex with men: a systematic review and meta-analysis of global data","volume":"7","author":"T Yuan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"pgph.0006256.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1086\/600074","article-title":"Adult male circumcision does not reduce the risk of incident Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis, or Trichomonas vaginalis infection: results from a randomized, controlled trial in Kenya","volume":"200","author":"SD Mehta","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"pgph.0006256.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2022-055608","article-title":"Inadequate performance of a risk score to predict asymptomatic Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis infection among cisgender men who have sex with men","volume":"99","author":"E Rowlinson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sex Transm Infect"},{"issue":"1","key":"pgph.0006256.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1071\/SH23143","article-title":"Emergence of high-level azithromycin-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae causing male urethritis in Johannesburg, South Africa, 2021","volume":"21","author":"EE Muller","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sex Health"}],"container-title":["PLOS Global Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pgph.0006256","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T17:32:05Z","timestamp":1776447125000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pgph.0006256"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Julia","family":"Robinson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pgph.0006256","relation":{},"ISSN":["2767-3375"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2767-3375","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]]}}}