{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T16:48:00Z","timestamp":1791478080615,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776038400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009168","name":"Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AP23OA000000C013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AP23OA000000C013"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009168","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Texas A&M Agrilife"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosglobalpublichealth.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLOS Glob Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In 1998, the World Health Organization declared that measles had been eliminated in Canada. Despite this status, Canada continues to experience sporadic outbreaks driven by importations from endemic countries. Understanding the post-elimination outbreaks is crucial for informing prevention and control policies. The purpose of this review was to identify and analyze epidemiological factors of measles outbreaks\u2019 resurgence in Canada. We conducted a PRISMA scoping review to compile epidemiological data from peer-reviewed articles and grey literature on outbreaks in Canada from 1999 to 2025. A total of 618 articles were retrieved from the 9 databases queried, and 144 grey literature items were collected in the manual search; including 18 peer-reviewed articles and 28 grey literature sources. Eighty distinct outbreaks with a total of 7,455 cases were reported between 1999 and 2025 where 61.7% of the outbreaks were associated with imported cases of measles and 79.7% of the cases had not received the Measles-Mumps-Rubella vaccine. More than 60% of the cases (5078) were related to the 2025 multijurisdictional outbreak. Post-elimination measles outbreaks in Canada are primarily caused by importation of the disease and subsequent transmission in local under-vaccinated communities.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgph.0006295","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T17:22:18Z","timestamp":1776100938000},"page":"e0006295","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pgph.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Epidemiological review on the resurgence of measles outbreaks in Canada during the post-elimination era: A scoping review"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"6","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-9113-9440","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ainrisq A.","family":"Rifai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4903-1353","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Dana C.","family":"Pittman Ratterree","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jude D.","family":"Kong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4158-7613","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Martial L.","family":"Ndeffo-Mbah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"pgph.0006295.ref001","article-title":"Measles.","volume-title":"StatPearls","author":"NP Kondamudi","year":"2025"},{"issue":"5","key":"pgph.0006295.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3928\/19382359-20250307-03","article-title":"Measles: an ongoing threat","volume":"54","author":"S Popofsky","year":"2025","journal-title":"Pediatr Ann"},{"issue":"9","key":"pgph.0006295.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1747","DOI":"10.3201\/eid3009.240150","article-title":"Onward virus transmission after measles secondary vaccination failure","volume":"30","author":"I Tranter","year":"2024","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"pgph.0006295.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-025-10564-8","article-title":"Measles in Canada: modelling outbreaks with variable vaccine coverage and interventions","volume":"25","author":"J McNichol","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"pgph.0006295.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.17269\/s41997-024-00956-9","article-title":"Routine vaccination coverage at ages 2 and 7, before, during, and after the COVID-19 pandemic: results from the STARVAX surveillance system","volume":"116","author":"A Jeevakanthan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Can J Public Health"},{"key":"pgph.0006295.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"978","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7343a4","article-title":"Routine vaccination coverage - worldwide, 2023","volume":"73","author":"CE Jones","year":"2024","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"pgph.0006295.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.26633\/RPSP.2024.93","article-title":"Sustaining measles and rubella elimination through the Regional Monitoring and Re-Verification Commission in the Americas","volume":"48","author":"JK Andrus","year":"2024","journal-title":"Rev Panam Salud Publica"},{"key":"pgph.0006295.ref008","article-title":"Regional Framework for the monitoring and re-verification of measles, rubella, and Congenital Rubella Syndrome Elimination in the Americas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pan American Health Organization"},{"key":"pgph.0006295.ref009","first-page":"1","article-title":"Guidelines for the prevention and control of measles outbreaks in Canada: an advisory committee statement (ACS)","volume":"39","author":"Measles and Rubella Elimination Working Group MREWG","year":"2013","journal-title":"Can Commun Dis Rep"},{"key":"pgph.0006295.ref010","unstructured":"Public Health Agency of Canada. 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