{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T18:13:40Z","timestamp":1788372820313,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788307200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["INV-086341"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["INV-086341"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosglobalpublichealth.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLOS Glob Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Substandard and falsified (SF) medicines pose a major threat to maternal, newborn, and child health (MNCH) and malaria control in Africa, yet their true burden remains uncertain. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies published between 2010 and 2025 that chemically tested the quality of essential MNCH and antimalarial medicines collected in African countries. Following PRISMA 2020 guidelines and a registered PROSPERO protocol, we searched PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and WHO databases, screened 3,178 records, and included 123 studies from 34 countries reporting on 36,069 medicine samples. Studies were appraised with the MEDQUARG checklist, and random-effects meta-analyses with Freeman\u2013Tukey transformation were used to estimate pooled SF prevalence overall and by therapeutic class, country, and subregion. Meta-regression explored study-level drivers of heterogeneity. Overall, 17.9% (95% CI 13.6\u201322.7) of tested medicines failed quality standards. Failure rates were highest for corticosteroids (65.0%), uterotonics (43.9%), and hematinics (34.7%); antimalarials, antihypertensives, and antibiotics ranged from 15-20%. Estimates for corticosteroids and hematinics carried wide confidence intervals, reflecting sparse underlying data. Western and Central Africa had the greatest regional burdens, whereas Southern Africa showed lower pooled estimates but with sparse data. Substandard medicines accounted for most poor-quality products (pooled prevalence 12.8%), while falsified medicines were less common (1.2%). Therapeutic category, geographic subregion, and use of mystery-client purchasing were significant predictors of heterogeneity, whereas publication year and methodological quality were not. Nearly one in five essential MNCH and antimalarial medicines tested in Africa are SF, posing a major barrier to reducing preventable maternal, neonatal, and child mortality. Strengthened regulatory systems, risk-based post-market surveillance, and priority attention to high-risk therapeutics, particularly uterotonics and antimalarials, are urgently needed. As the African Medicines Agency becomes operational, this evidence base offers a concrete foundation for directing continental regulatory investment where it is most needed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgph.0006326","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T17:23:32Z","timestamp":1788369812000},"page":"e0006326","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pgph.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Nearly one in five essential medicines fail quality standards in Africa: A systematic review and meta-analysis of MNCH medicines and antimalarials"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"6","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1538-0056","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jean Christophe","family":"Rusatira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-3371-8468","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Manuela Dorado","family":"Novoa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6801-1035","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jean Berchmans","family":"Uwimana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cameron","family":"Persaud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-6180-5424","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Eishita","family":"Pal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ayesha","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Henry","family":"Michtalik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neelaveni","family":"Padayachee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8708-7617","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Murray","family":"Lumpkin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles","family":"Preston","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9884-4580","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Saifuddin","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"pgph.0006326.ref001","volume-title":"A study on the public health and socioeconomic impact of substandard and falsified medical products","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2017"},{"key":"pgph.0006326.ref002","volume-title":"Levels and trends in child mortality: report 2023","author":"UNICEF, World Health Organization, World Bank Group, United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs Population Division","year":"2024"},{"key":"pgph.0006326.ref003","volume-title":"Trends in maternal mortality 2000 to 2020: estimates by WHO, UNICEF, UNFPA, World Bank Group and UNDESA\/Population Division","author":"World Health Organization, UNICEF, United Nations Population Fund, World Bank Group, UNDESA\/Population Division","year":"2023"},{"issue":"6","key":"pgph.0006326.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1778","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.21-1123","article-title":"Characterizing medicine quality by active pharmaceutical ingredient levels: a systematic review and meta-analysis across low- and middle-income countries","volume":"106","author":"S Ozawa","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"7","key":"pgph.0006326.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(25)00138-X","article-title":"Substandard anticancer medications in clinical care settings and private pharmacies in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic pharmaceutical investigation","volume":"13","author":"MJ Wilfinger","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"pgph.0006326.ref006","unstructured":"National Agency for Food and Drug Administration and Control NAFDAC. 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