{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T18:20:29Z","timestamp":1787768429064,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787702400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosglobalpublichealth.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLOS Glob Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a growing global health threat requiring robust biosafety, biosecurity, and surveillance systems across human, animal, and environmental sectors. However, evidence on how these systems function at sub-national and facility levels remains limited, particularly in decentralized settings such as Kenya. This scoping review was conducted in line with PRISMA-ScR reporting standards to map evidence on AMR containment systems in Kenya. Peer-reviewed and grey literature covering governance, surveillance, laboratory capacity, workforce, biosafety and biosecurity, digital systems, and One Health integration between January 2022 - February 2026 were systematically identified and thematically synthesized, with methodological quality assessed using the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool. A total of 31 studies (23 peer-reviewed and 8 grey literature) were included. Human health systems were the most frequently represented domain (n\u2009=\u200927), followed by data integration and digital platforms (n\u2009=\u200916) and animal health (n\u2009=\u200914). Governance and policy-related components were reported in fewer studies (n\u2009=\u200910), while environmental health was the least represented (n\u2009=\u20098). Despite strong national policies and digital platforms, implementation was uneven across counties and facility levels, with key constraints including workforce shortages, infrastructure gaps, fragmented financing, and limited use of surveillance data. These findings highlight persistent gaps in sub-national implementation and One Health integration that limit the effectiveness of AMR containment systems in Kenya.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgph.0006477","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T17:50:10Z","timestamp":1787766610000},"page":"e0006477","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pgph.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Biosafety, biosecurity and antimicrobial resistance containment in Kenya: A One Health scoping review of national and subnational systems"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"6","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7472-3760","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Lazarus Okayo","family":"Odeny","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6883-267X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Leonard","family":"Kingwara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kennedy","family":"Yatich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benson","family":"Ulo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maureen","family":"Kimenye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jane","family":"Owenga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"pgph.0006477.ref001","volume-title":"Global action plan on antimicrobial resistance","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2015"},{"key":"pgph.0006477.ref002","volume-title":"Global antimicrobial resistance and use surveillance system (GLASS) report","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2022"},{"issue":"10325","key":"pgph.0006477.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)02724-0","article-title":"Global burden of bacterial antimicrobial resistance in 2019: a systematic analysis","volume":"399","author":"Antimicrobial Resistance Collaborators","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"pgph.0006477.ref004","volume-title":"Strategic framework for collaboration on antimicrobial resistance \u2013 together for One Health","author":"World Health Organization, FAO, WOAH, UNEP","year":"2022"},{"key":"pgph.0006477.ref005","volume-title":"National policy on prevention and containment of antimicrobial resistance","author":"Government of Kenya","year":"2017"},{"key":"pgph.0006477.ref006","volume-title":"National action plan for the prevention and containment of antimicrobial resistance","author":"Ministry of Health Kenya","year":"2023"},{"key":"pgph.0006477.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1411962","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2024.1411962","article-title":"Progress made in digitalizing antimicrobial resistance surveillance in a One Health approach in Kenya","volume":"12","author":"VM Chuchu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"issue":"18","key":"pgph.0006477.ref008","article-title":"Surveillance systems to monitor antimicrobial resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae: a global systematic review","volume":"27","author":"N Medland","year":"2022","journal-title":"Euro Surveill"},{"key":"pgph.0006477.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ondoa P, Kapoor G, Alimi Y, et al. Bacteriology testing and antimicrobial resistance detection capacity of national tiered laboratory networks in sub-Saharan Africa. Lancet Microbe. 2025;6. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2666-5247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lanmic.2024.100976"},{"key":"pgph.0006477.ref010","volume-title":"Implementation status of integrated AMR surveillance within a One Health approach in the WHO African Region","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2025"},{"key":"pgph.0006477.ref011","unstructured":"Ouknider F. Five years of national action plan on antimicrobial resistance: what impact on surveillance? 2022. https:\/\/shecorpus.net"},{"issue":"1","key":"pgph.0006477.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1080\/1364557032000119616","article-title":"Scoping studies: towards a methodological framework","volume":"8","author":"H Arksey","year":"2005","journal-title":"International Journal of Social Research Methodology"},{"key":"pgph.0006477.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1186\/1748-5908-5-69","article-title":"Scoping studies: advancing the methodology","volume":"5","author":"D Levac","year":"2010","journal-title":"Implement Sci"},{"issue":"7","key":"pgph.0006477.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.7326\/M18-0850","article-title":"PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR): checklist and explanation","volume":"169","author":"AC Tricco","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann Intern 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Quality assurance in bacterial identification and antimicrobial susceptibility testing results. 2022.","DOI":"10.1093\/jacamr\/dlac053.017"},{"issue":"1","key":"pgph.0006477.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1476","DOI":"10.4102\/ajlm.v11i1.1476","article-title":"Implementation of a customised antimicrobial resistance laboratory scorecard in Cameroon, Ethiopia and Kenya","volume":"11","author":"A Trollip","year":"2022","journal-title":"Afr J Lab Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"pgph.0006477.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/S2666-5247(23)00284-7","article-title":"Exploiting genomics for antimicrobial resistance surveillance at One Health interfaces","volume":"4","author":"DM Muloi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Microbe"},{"issue":"1","key":"pgph.0006477.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics15010103","article-title":"Understanding the financial implications of antimicrobial resistance surveillance in Nepal","volume":"15","author":"Y Yum","year":"2026","journal-title":"Antibiotics"},{"issue":"8","key":"pgph.0006477.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1093\/trstmh\/trae035","article-title":"Aligning antimicrobial resistance surveillance with schistosomiasis research: an interlinked One Health approach","volume":"118","author":"AM O\u2019Ferrall","year":"2024","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"2","key":"pgph.0006477.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1038\/s41576-023-00649-y","article-title":"Genomic surveillance for antimicrobial resistance - a One Health perspective","volume":"25","author":"SP Djordjevic","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Rev Genet"},{"issue":"1","key":"pgph.0006477.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1186\/s13756-025-01662-y","article-title":"Strategies and challenges in containing antimicrobial resistance in East Africa: a focus on laboratory-based surveillance","volume":"14","author":"A Molina","year":"2025","journal-title":"Antimicrob Resist Infect Control"},{"issue":"8","key":"pgph.0006477.ref035","article-title":"Enhancing capacity for national genomics surveillance of antimicrobial resistance in public health laboratories in Kenya","volume":"9","author":"C Kigen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microb Genom"},{"issue":"05","key":"pgph.0006477.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.4236\/pp.2025.165009","article-title":"The effect of educational intervention on healthcare workers\u2019 awareness and knowledge of antimicrobial resistance, stewardship, and surveillance: opportunities for antimicrobial and diagnostic stewardship","volume":"16","author":"S Mudenda","year":"2025","journal-title":"Pharmacol Pharm"},{"key":"pgph.0006477.ref037","unstructured":"Bartonjo G, Ngata E, Revathi G. In: 2022."},{"issue":"8","key":"pgph.0006477.ref038","first-page":"1697","article-title":"Capacity of laboratories in Zambia for AMR surveillance","volume":"12","author":"DM Shempela","year":"2024","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"issue":"3","key":"pgph.0006477.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics11030383","article-title":"Awareness of Antimicrobial Resistance and Associated Factors among Layer Poultry Farmers in Zambia: Implications for Surveillance and Antimicrobial Stewardship Programs","volume":"11","author":"S Mudenda","year":"2022","journal-title":"Antibiotics (Basel)"},{"key":"pgph.0006477.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1142622","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1142622","article-title":"Development, roll-out and implementation of an antimicrobial resistance training curriculum harmonizes delivery of in-service training to healthcare workers in Kenya","volume":"14","author":"J Njeru","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"pgph.0006477.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1057040","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2022.1057040","article-title":"A systematic approach toward progressive improvement of national antimicrobial resistance surveillance systems in food and agriculture sectors","volume":"9","author":"N Keck","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"pgph.0006477.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.52225\/narra.v5i3.2895","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance and empirical antibiotic use in diabetic foot infections: A retrospective study from Indonesia","volume":"5","author":"MB Tarigan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Narra J"}],"container-title":["PLOS Global Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pgph.0006477","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T17:50:18Z","timestamp":1787766618000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pgph.0006477"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Muhammad","family":"Iqhrammullah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pgph.0006477","relation":{},"ISSN":["2767-3375"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2767-3375","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]]}}}