{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T18:05:43Z","timestamp":1790877943520,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/zero\/1.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009054","name":"U.S. President\u2019s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NU2GGH002300"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NU2GGH002300"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009054","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosglobalpublichealth.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLOS Glob Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The growing burden of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) among aging people living with HIV (PLHIV) represents a major public health challenge, yet data to guide integrated care in Haiti remain limited. To address this gap, we conducted a retrospective cohort study of PLHIV aged 40 years and older receiving care at two hospitals in northern Haiti. Using electronic medical record data from routine HIV clinical visits between July 1 and September 30, 2015, we compared NCD prevalence at ART initiation and after \u226512 months of follow-up. We also identified baseline risk factors associated with incident NCDs, with a secondary analysis focused specifically on predictors of incident renal insufficiency. Among 318 participants, 65.7% had one or more NCD at ART initiation, increasing to 70.8% after \u226512 months. The prevalence of hypertension rose from 37.1% to 47.2% and diabetes from 7.9% to 12.6%, while overweight\/obesity remained stable (14.5% to 15.7%). In contrast, renal insufficiency prevalence decreased from 31.1% to 22.6%. In the adjusted analysis, female sex was the sole independent predictor for developing at least one incident NCD (AOR: 3.29; 95% CI: 1.40\u20137.72). In the secondary analysis for incident renal insufficiency, female sex (AOR: 5.88; 95% CI: 1.78\u201319.50) and elevated systolic blood pressure (AOR: 1.052; 95% CI: 1.005\u20131.101) were the only significant predictors. A high proportion of older PLHIV in northern Haiti are affected by NCDs. These findings underscore the need for integrated care models, particularly for older women living with HIV, who appear to be at the highest risk for developing new NCDs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgph.0007175","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T17:37:51Z","timestamp":1790876271000},"page":"e0007175","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pgph.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Prevalence and incidence of non-communicable diseases among older adults living with HIV on antiretroviral therapy in Northern Haiti: A retrospective cohort study"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"6","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-3082-7471","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ronald","family":"Thiersaint","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","place":["Port-au-Prince, Haiti"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-7659-4724","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Romaine Nephtalie","family":"M\u00e9sidor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Catholic Medical Mission Board","place":["Port-au-Prince, Haiti"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-8475-4705","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Val\u00e9rie","family":"Pelletier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","place":["Port-au-Prince, Haiti"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-2381-042X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Chesnel Parny","family":"Norc\u00e9ide","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Minist\u00e8re de la Sant\u00e9 Publique et de la Population","place":["Port-au-Prince, Haiti"],"department":["Unit\u00e9 de Gestion de Projets"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean G\u00e9to","family":"Dub\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"H\u00f4pital Universitaire Justinien","place":["Cap Ha\u00eftien, Haiti"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harold","family":"Pr\u00e9vil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"H\u00f4pital Sacr\u00e9-C\u0153ur de Milot","place":["Cap Ha\u00eftien, Haiti"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kesner","family":"Fran\u00e7ois","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Minist\u00e8re de la Sant\u00e9 Publique et de la Population","place":["Port-au-Prince, Haiti"],"department":["Programme National de Lutte contre les IST\/VIH\/SIDA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3242-8496","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jean Baptiste T.","family":"Koama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","place":["Port-au-Prince, Haiti"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9426-5437","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Michael A.","family":"Melchior","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","place":["Port-au-Prince, Haiti"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3822-5737","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Macarthur","family":"Charles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","place":["Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"pgph.0007175.ref001","unstructured":"Minist\u00e8re de la Sant\u00e9 Publique et de la Population. Profil des actifs\/ Groupe d\u2019\u00e2ge\/ National\/ RADAR dashboard. Available from: https:\/\/mesi.ht"},{"issue":"2","key":"pgph.0007175.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0b013e3182918875","article-title":"Lives saved by expanding HIV treatment availability in resource-limited settings: The example of Haiti","volume":"63","author":"AD Kimmel","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"issue":"5","key":"pgph.0007175.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3018(20)30358-1","article-title":"Estimated life expectancy gains with antiretroviral therapy among adults with HIV in Latin America and the Caribbean: A multisite retrospective cohort study","volume":"8","author":"CL Smiley","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet HIV"},{"key":"pgph.0007175.ref004","author":"Minist\u00e8re de la Sant\u00e9 Publique et de la Population","year":"2013"},{"key":"pgph.0007175.ref005","author":"PEPFAR Panorama Spotlight","year":"2025"},{"issue":"11","key":"pgph.0007175.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1120","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cir627","article-title":"Premature age-related comorbidities among HIV-infected persons compared with the general population","volume":"53","author":"G Guaraldi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"pgph.0007175.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1089\/apc.2010.0242","article-title":"Association of age and comorbidity with physical function in HIV-infected and uninfected patients: Results from the Veterans Aging Cohort Study","volume":"25","author":"KK Oursler","year":"2011","journal-title":"AIDS Patient Care STDS"},{"issue":"11","key":"pgph.0007175.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1130","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cir626","article-title":"Morbidity and aging in HIV-infected persons: The Swiss HIV cohort study","volume":"53","author":"B Hasse","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"pgph.0007175.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjid.2012.10.024","article-title":"Aging with HIV: An overview of an urban cohort in Rio de Janeiro (Brazil) across decades of life","volume":"17","author":"TS Torres","year":"2013","journal-title":"Braz J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"pgph.0007175.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.2174\/1570162X17666190919130229","article-title":"Socioeconomic and demographic statuses as determinants of adherence to antiretroviral treatment in HIV infected patients: A systematic review of the literature","volume":"17","author":"NN Azmach","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr HIV Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"pgph.0007175.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-018-2196-0","article-title":"Comparison of antiretroviral therapy adherence among HIV-infected older adults with younger adults in Africa: Systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"23","author":"N Soomro","year":"2019","journal-title":"AIDS Behav"},{"key":"pgph.0007175.ref012","volume-title":"Cardiovascular disease burden in the Region of the Americas, 2000-2021","author":"Pan American Health Organization","year":"2025"},{"key":"pgph.0007175.ref013","unstructured":"Minist\u00e8re de la Sant\u00e9 Publique et de la Population. Cascade de soins et traitement\/ National\/ RADAR dashboard. Available from: https:\/\/mesi.ht"},{"issue":"5","key":"pgph.0007175.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2013.284427","article-title":"2014 evidence-based guideline for the management of high blood pressure in adults: Report from the panel members appointed to the Eighth Joint National Committee (JNC 8)","volume":"311","author":"PA James","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"pgph.0007175.ref015","author":"National Library of Medicine","year":"2012"},{"key":"pgph.0007175.ref016","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2020"},{"key":"pgph.0007175.ref017","author":"U.S. Department of Health and Human Services","year":"2001"},{"issue":"1","key":"pgph.0007175.ref018","first-page":"31","article-title":"Prediction of creatinine clearance from serum creatinine","volume":"16","author":"DW Cockcroft","year":"1976","journal-title":"Nephron"},{"issue":"1","key":"pgph.0007175.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1038\/kisup.2012.64","article-title":"Chapter 1: Definition and classification of CKD","volume":"3","year":"2013","journal-title":"Kidney Int Suppl (2011)"},{"key":"pgph.0007175.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1016\/S1262-3636(07)70302-6","article-title":"Glucose intolerance and other cardiovascular risk factors in Haiti. Prevalence of Diabetes and Hypertension in Haiti (PREDIAH)","volume":"32","author":"ED Jean-Baptiste","year":"2006","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab"},{"issue":"3","key":"pgph.0007175.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1111\/jch.14399","article-title":"Hypertension continuum of care: Blood pressure screening, diagnosis, treatment, and control in a population-based cohort in Haiti","volume":"24","author":"M Metz","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich)"},{"issue":"10","key":"pgph.0007175.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1558","DOI":"10.1111\/jch.13663","article-title":"Prevalence of hypertension and cardiovascular risk factors among long-term AIDS survivors: A report from the field","volume":"21","author":"S Pierre","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich)"},{"key":"pgph.0007175.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"841675","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.841675","article-title":"Diabetes epidemiology among adults in Port-au-Prince, Haiti: A cross-sectional study","volume":"13","author":"R Sufra","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"issue":"6","key":"pgph.0007175.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1097\/MNH.0000000000001018","article-title":"HIV-associated kidney disease: The changing spectrum and treatment priorities","volume":"33","author":"N Wearne","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens"},{"issue":"5","key":"pgph.0007175.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1097\/COH.0000000000000756","article-title":"Cardiovascular disease risk in women living with HIV","volume":"17","author":"K Kentoffio","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr Opin HIV AIDS"},{"issue":"3","key":"pgph.0007175.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1111\/hiv.70155","article-title":"Sex differences in cardiovascular disease and associated factors in people living with HIV: Evidence from All of Us program","volume":"27","author":"H Zhang","year":"2026","journal-title":"HIV Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"pgph.0007175.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/jia2.70101","article-title":"Inflammatory biomarkers predicting major adverse cardiovascular events in people living with HIV: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"29","author":"A Murray","year":"2026","journal-title":"J Int AIDS Soc"},{"issue":"2","key":"pgph.0007175.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiab341","article-title":"Menopause is associated with immune activation in women with HIV","volume":"225","author":"BA Peters","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"8","key":"pgph.0007175.ref029","article-title":"Caribbean women face higher obesity and diabetes amid socioeconomic struggles","volume":"17","author":"C Barrabi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"pgph.0007175.ref030","volume-title":"A conceptual framework for action on the social determinants of health","author":"O Solar","year":"2010"},{"issue":"2","key":"pgph.0007175.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0318068","article-title":"Chronic kidney disease among people living with HIV on TDF based regimen: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"20","author":"TS Yazie","year":"2025","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"8","key":"pgph.0007175.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0330356","article-title":"Chronic kidney disease among HIV-positive Zambian adults with tenofovir-associated nephrotoxicity at University Teaching Hospital (UTH) in Lusaka","volume":"20","author":"E Muchinta","year":"2025","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"pgph.0007175.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1186\/s12882-024-03537-7","article-title":"Prevalence and predictors of long-term progression of chronic kidney disease in people with HIV in Ghana from 2003-2018","volume":"25","author":"DR Chadwick","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Nephrol"},{"issue":"5","key":"pgph.0007175.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1086\/655681","article-title":"Systematic review and meta-analysis: Renal safety of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate in HIV-infected patients","volume":"51","author":"RD Cooper","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"pgph.0007175.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3018(22)00004-2","article-title":"Kidney function in tenofovir disoproxil fumarate-based oral pre-exposure prophylaxis users: A systematic review and meta-analysis of published literature and a multi-country meta-analysis of individual participant data","volume":"9","author":"R Schaefer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet HIV"},{"issue":"1","key":"pgph.0007175.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1186\/s12981-019-0227-1","article-title":"Tenofovir-associated kidney disease in Africans: A systematic review","volume":"16","author":"TJ Mtisi","year":"2019","journal-title":"AIDS Res Ther"}],"container-title":["PLOS Global Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pgph.0007175","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T17:37:57Z","timestamp":1790876277000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pgph.0007175"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Joel Msafiri","family":"Francis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of the Witwatersrand Johannesburg Faculty of Health Sciences","place":["SOUTH AFRICA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pgph.0007175","relation":{},"ISSN":["2767-3375"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2767-3375","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]]}}}