{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T18:07:39Z","timestamp":1788977259757,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788912000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007137","name":"Helse Nord RHF","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2019\/995"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019\/995"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007137","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["216458\/Z\/19\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["216458\/Z\/19\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000272","name":"UK National Institute for Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["216458\/Z\/19\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["216458\/Z\/19\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000272","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Wellcome Trust and Royal Society","award":["210479\/Z\/18\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["210479\/Z\/18\/Z"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosglobalpublichealth.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLOS Glob Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Social network interventions (SNIs) can leverage influential individuals within personal networks to amplify health behavior adoption and intervention diffusion. While SNIs are potentially effective in enhancing uptake of HIV prevention and other interventions, identifying optimal peer leaders remains challenging. This study assessed how social network-based approaches can improve peer leader identification compared to non-structural approaches (i.e., those that do not use network data for promoter selection). Between 8\n                    <jats:sup>th<\/jats:sup>\n                    October 2024 and 31\n                    <jats:sup>st<\/jats:sup>\n                    March 2025, we mapped the social connections among fishermen in two communities in Mangochi, Malawi. The communities had previously participated in a cluster-randomized trial (FISH), which aimed to create demand among fishermen for HIV and schistosomiasis services via peer-nominated leaders. Using Network Canvas and a photographic census, we conducted a network survey, capturing ties, support roles and interaction frequency. Whole-network maps were constructed, centrality measures and the key player problem positive (KPP-POS) algorithm were applied to identify the highest-ranking individuals as potential promoters. We compared the reach (i.e., proportion of nodes within two steps of a promoter) of peer-nominated leaders selected by FISH to these sociometric methods\n                    <jats:bold>.<\/jats:bold>\n                    We recruited 370 of 397 eligible fishermen (mean age 34.8years [SD 13.11]). Both communities exhibited sparse, low-reciprocity networks with long path lengths. One network had two dense cores, while the other featured a single core. There was no evidence of assortative mixing by education, age or village of residence. FISH trial peer leaders were not consistently central in the constructed maps. The KPP-POS algorithm identified alternative, more dispersed nodes, achieving the highest reach (66% in F001; 75% in F024) versus in-degree (58%, 67%), closeness (58%, 68%), betweenness (58%, 69%) and eigenvector (60%, 68%) promoter sets. Our findings highlight that strategically identified promoters can achieve good reach within social networks, crucial for effective public health programming in complex settings like fishing communities.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgph.0007185","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T17:29:26Z","timestamp":1788974966000},"page":"e0007185","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pgph.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Optimizing peer-led health interventions: A social network analysis approach for identifying influential fishermen in Malawi"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"6","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9656-8255","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Madalo","family":"Mukoka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Kamuzu University of Health Sciences","place":["Blantyre, Malawi"],"department":["Helse Nord Tuberculosis Initiative, Department of Pathology"]},{"name":"London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine","place":["London, United Kingdom"],"department":["Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology and International Health"]},{"name":"Malawi-Liverpool-Welcome Clinical Research Programme","place":["Blantyre, Malawi"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alison","family":"Price","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Malawi Epidemiology and Intervention Research Unit","place":["Lilongwe, Malawi"]},{"name":"London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine","place":["London, United Kingdom"],"department":["Department of Population Health"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marriott","family":"Nliwasa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kamuzu University of Health Sciences","place":["Blantyre, Malawi"],"department":["Helse Nord Tuberculosis Initiative, Department of Pathology"]},{"name":"School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand","place":["Johannesburg, South Africa"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Owen","family":"Mhango","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kamuzu University of Health Sciences","place":["Blantyre, Malawi"],"department":["Helse Nord Tuberculosis Initiative, Department of Pathology"]},{"name":"Malawi-Liverpool-Welcome Clinical Research Programme","place":["Blantyre, Malawi"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8402-6133","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mphatso","family":"Mwapasa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kamuzu University of Health Sciences","place":["Blantyre, Malawi"],"department":["Helse Nord Tuberculosis Initiative, Department of Pathology"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Moses K.","family":"Kumwenda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kamuzu University of Health Sciences","place":["Blantyre, Malawi"],"department":["Helse Nord Tuberculosis Initiative, Department of Pathology"]},{"name":"Malawi-Liverpool-Welcome Clinical Research Programme","place":["Blantyre, Malawi"]},{"name":"Institute of Resilient Health Systems","place":["Liverpool, United Kingdom"],"department":["Department of International Public Health, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4473-296X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Hussein H.","family":"Twabi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kamuzu University of Health Sciences","place":["Blantyre, Malawi"],"department":["Helse Nord Tuberculosis Initiative, Department of Pathology"]},{"name":"Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool","place":["Liverpool, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robina","family":"Semphere","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kamuzu University of Health Sciences","place":["Blantyre, Malawi"],"department":["Helse Nord Tuberculosis Initiative, Department of Pathology"]},{"name":"School of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takondwa C.","family":"Msosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kamuzu University of Health Sciences","place":["Blantyre, Malawi"],"department":["Helse Nord Tuberculosis Initiative, Department of Pathology"]},{"name":"Amsterdam University Medical Centre","place":["Amsterdam, The Netherlands"],"department":["Department of Global Health"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2304-886X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Chisomo","family":"Msefula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kamuzu University of Health Sciences","place":["Blantyre, Malawi"],"department":["Helse Nord Tuberculosis Initiative, Department of Pathology"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Augustine T.","family":"Choko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Malawi-Liverpool-Welcome Clinical Research Programme","place":["Blantyre, Malawi"]},{"name":"Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine","place":["Liverpool, United Kingdom"],"department":["Department of International Public Health"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guy","family":"Harling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Global Health, University College London","place":["London, United Kingdom"]},{"name":"Africa Health Research Institute","place":["KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa"]},{"name":"University of the Witwatersrand","place":["Johannesburg, South Africa"],"department":["MRC\/Wits Rural Public Health & Health Transitions Research Unit (Agincourt)"]},{"name":"School of Nursing & Public Health, University of KwaZulu-Natal","place":["KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6524-3754","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Katherine","family":"Fielding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine","place":["London, United Kingdom"],"department":["Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology and International Health"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6090","key":"pgph.0007185.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1217330","article-title":"Network Interventions","volume":"337","author":"TW Valente","year":"2012","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"2","key":"pgph.0007185.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/S0277-9536(99)00276-2","article-title":"Social networks, ideation, and contraceptive behavior in Bangladesh: a 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