{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T18:09:45Z","timestamp":1790014185787,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789948800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001713","name":"European and Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RIA2018D-2498"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RIA2018D-2498"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001713","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosglobalpublichealth.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLOS Glob Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Community-based active case finding (ACF) for tuberculosis (TB) is recommended in high-burden settings, yet evidence on implementation costs from prospective programmatic data remains limited. We estimated and compared the costs of two community-based ACF screening approaches: Computer-Aided Detection of chest X-rays alone (\n                    <jats:italic>CAD4TBv7 approach<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) and CAD4TBv7 followed by point-of-care C-reactive protein (CRP) testing within a predefined score window (\n                    <jats:italic>CAD4TBv7-CRP approach<\/jats:italic>\n                    ), evaluated in a prospective, paired screen-positive trial in South Africa and Lesotho. Nested within the TB TRIAGE+ trial (September 2022-September 2024), we applied a bottom-up ingredients-based approach from a programmatic perspective to estimate economic and financial costs, separately for TB-only and integrated (TB, HIV, and non-communicable disease) screening. Uncertainty was estimated via probabilistic sensitivity analysis, while scenario analyses explored higher modelled TB prevalence (1%) and expanded screening volume (100,000 participants). Among 20,023 participants screened (6,986 in South Africa; 13,037 in Lesotho), 72 TB cases were detected under the\n                    <jats:italic>CAD4TBv7 approach<\/jats:italic>\n                    and 60 under the\n                    <jats:italic>CAD4TBv7-CRP approach<\/jats:italic>\n                    (full analysis set). For TB-only screening, the average cost per TB case detected was USD 5,454 (95% uncertainty interval [UI]: 4,294\u20136,777) for the\n                    <jats:italic>CAD4TBv7 approach<\/jats:italic>\n                    and USD 7,486 (95% UI: 5,948\u20139,246) for the\n                    <jats:italic>CAD4TBv7-CRP approach<\/jats:italic>\n                    , 37% more expensive. Recurrent costs accounted for 67\u201372% of total costs. Personnel was the dominant cost driver in South Africa, and vehicle costs in Lesotho. Higher TB prevalence would substantially reduce the average cost per TB case detected, whereas scaling up participant numbers at the observed prevalence would not. The additional cost of CRP testing was not offset by savings from averted confirmatory tests, making the\n                    <jats:italic>CAD4TBv7-CRP approach<\/jats:italic>\n                    more expensive than\n                    <jats:italic>CAD4TBv7<\/jats:italic>\n                    alone. CRP-based sequential screening may offer greater cost advantages in settings with lower inflammatory comorbidity burden, though this requires prospective evaluation. TB screening strategies should be tailored to local epidemiological and health-system contexts.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgph.0007341","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T17:31:42Z","timestamp":1790011902000},"page":"e0007341","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pgph.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Comparative cost analysis of community-based tuberculosis screening: Computer-Aided Detection (CAD) alone versus CAD with point-of-care C-reactive protein testing in South Africa and Lesotho"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"6","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-6365-2930","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Harsh Vivek","family":"Harkare","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute","place":["Allschwil, Switzerland"]},{"name":"University of Basel","place":["Basel, Switzerland"]},{"name":"Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Prevention Institute, University of Zurich","place":["Zurich, Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Verjans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute","place":["Allschwil, Switzerland"]},{"name":"University of Basel","place":["Basel, Switzerland"]},{"name":"Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona","place":["Barcelona, Spain"],"department":["Centre d\u2019Estudis Demogr\u00e0fics (CED-CERCA)"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Phillip","family":"Joseph","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Community Based Research, Human Sciences Research Council","place":["Sweetwaters, South Africa"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mashaete","family":"Kamele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SolidarMed","place":["Butha Buthe, Lesotho"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5337-1233","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Shriya","family":"Misra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Community Based Research, Human Sciences Research Council","place":["Sweetwaters, South Africa"]},{"name":"SYNAPSE Research Collective","place":["Pietermaritzburg, South Africa"],"department":["Wits Health Consortium"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mamatlakeng","family":"Keitseng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SolidarMed","place":["Butha Buthe, Lesotho"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mojabeng","family":"Mabeleng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SolidarMed","place":["Butha Buthe, Lesotho"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-8473-622X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Thandanani","family":"Madonsela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Community Based Research, Human Sciences Research Council","place":["Sweetwaters, South Africa"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alastair","family":"van Heerden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Community Based Research, Human Sciences Research Council","place":["Sweetwaters, South Africa"]},{"name":"University of the Witwatersrand","place":["Johannesburg, South Africa"],"department":["SAMRC\/WITS Developmental Pathways for Health Research Unit"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johanna","family":"Kurscheid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute","place":["Allschwil, Switzerland"]},{"name":"University of Basel","place":["Basel, Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bart K.M.","family":"Jacobs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Tropical Medicine","place":["Antwerp, Belgium"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3890-3910","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Aita","family":"Signorell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute","place":["Allschwil, Switzerland"]},{"name":"University of Basel","place":["Basel, Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fiona","family":"Vanobberghen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute","place":["Allschwil, Switzerland"]},{"name":"University of Basel","place":["Basel, Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Klaus","family":"Reither","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute","place":["Allschwil, Switzerland"]},{"name":"University of Basel","place":["Basel, Switzerland"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irene","family":"Ayakaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SolidarMed","place":["Butha Buthe, Lesotho"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shannon","family":"Bosman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of the Witwatersrand","place":["Johannesburg, South Africa"],"department":["SAMRC\/WITS Developmental Pathways for Health Research Unit"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8671-9400","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Fabrizio","family":"Tediosi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute","place":["Allschwil, Switzerland"]},{"name":"University of Basel","place":["Basel, Switzerland"]},{"name":"University of Milan","place":["Milan, Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]]},"reference":[{"issue":"9728","key":"pgph.0007341.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1814","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)60483-7","article-title":"Tuberculosis control and elimination 2010\u201350: cure, care, and social development","volume":"375","author":"K L\u00f6nnroth","year":"2010","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"pgph.0007341.ref002","unstructured":"World Health Organization. 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