{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T17:54:00Z","timestamp":1792086840108,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792022400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Global Emerging Infections Surveillance and Response System"},{"name":"Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development","id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/004rtk039","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosglobalpublichealth.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLOS Glob Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Arboviruses are pathogens of emerging\/re-emerging infectious diseases. Half the world\u2019s population is at risk. Recent African epidemics confirmed 19,569 cases with 820 deaths. In Ghana, Savannah Region had yellow fever (YF) outbreak in 2021. Reports revealed 35 deaths, 202 suspected cases (case fatality rate (CFR) = 17%), and 70 confirmed cases (CFR\u2009=\u200950%). This paper presents YF outbreak entomological investigations findings. A team with expertise in YF outbreak response were assembled and tasked to assess, contain and\/or control the rapid spread of YF. Immature\n                    <jats:italic>Aedes aegypti<\/jats:italic>\n                    were collected in\/around houses, and adult sampled using BG-Sentinel traps, oral aspirators and Prokopack. The chikungunya, dengue fever, YF, and Zika viruses screening using real time reverse-transcription PCR (detection limit &lt;10 RNA copies\/reaction) followed mosquitoes morphological identification. Breeding containers (12,264) were examined. Larvae (3,885) and pupae (1,186) were obtained from 173 containers (positivity rate\u2009=\u20091.26%). Larvae were identified with short and stout siphons. Pupae had short but distinct serrated spicules on paddle fringe and branched\/fanlike (6\u20137 branches) seta 9-VIII. Out of 1,001 houses surveyed, 130 were positive for larvae\/pupae (positivity rate\u2009=\u200912.99%). Receptacles included plastic [46.95% (6,529)], metallic [43.32% (6,024)], clay jar [5.42% (753)], tire [4.06% (565)], and well [0.24% (34)]. WHO larval indices thresholds (BI, CI, HI, and PDI) were used to assess risk. Exactly 1,571 adults were identified [\n                    <jats:italic>Aedes aegypti aegypti<\/jats:italic>\n                    (35),\n                    <jats:italic>Aedes aegypti formosus<\/jats:italic>\n                    (619), and\n                    <jats:italic>Culex<\/jats:italic>\n                    sp. (917)]. Outdoor collection were higher (86.4%) than indoors (13.6%). No arboviruses were detected. Generally, vector indices\/densities suggested high-risk arbovirus transmission although vectors were not arbovirus positive.\n                    <jats:italic>Aedes aegypti formosus<\/jats:italic>\n                    was dominant. They are bridge vectors maintaining sylvatic YF cycles and spillover transmission. High risk for YF poses public health threat that calls for\n                    <jats:italic>Aedes<\/jats:italic>\n                    mosquito surveillance systems and vector control strategies.\n                    <jats:italic>Ae<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>ae<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>formosus<\/jats:italic>\n                    might be drivers for outbreak and\/or YF transmission.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgph.0007346","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T17:41:27Z","timestamp":1792086087000},"page":"e0007346","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pgph.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Entomological investigations into yellow fever outbreak in northern Ghana"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"6","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8143-5548","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Joseph Harold Nyarko","family":"Osei","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana","place":["Legon, Ghana"],"department":["Department of Parasitology"]},{"name":"Biomedical and Public Health Research Unit, Water Research Institute, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research","place":["Accra, Ghana"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sellase","family":"Pi-Bansa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana","place":["Legon, Ghana"],"department":["Department of Parasitology"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1747-5286","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kwadwo Kyereme","family":"Frempong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana","place":["Legon, Ghana"],"department":["Department of Parasitology"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mavis","family":"Ofei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana","place":["Legon, Ghana"],"department":["Department of Parasitology"]},{"name":"Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana","place":["Legon, Ghana"],"department":["Department of Biological"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helena Anokyewaa","family":"Boakye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana","place":["Legon, Ghana"],"department":["Department of Parasitology"]},{"name":"Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana","place":["Legon, Ghana"],"department":["Department of Biological"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jane","family":"Ansah-Owusu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana","place":["Legon, Ghana"],"department":["Department of Parasitology"]},{"name":"Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana","place":["Legon, Ghana"],"department":["Department of Biological"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandra-Candys Adwirba","family":"Akorful","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana","place":["Legon, Ghana"],"department":["Department of Parasitology"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-7585-9049","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Richard Odoi-Teye","family":"Malm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana","place":["Legon, Ghana"],"department":["Department of Parasitology"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher Nii Laryea","family":"Tawiah-Mensah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana","place":["Legon, Ghana"],"department":["Department of Parasitology"]},{"name":"College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana","place":["Legon, Ghana"],"department":["Department of Animal Biology and Conservation 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Parasitology"]},{"name":"Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana","place":["Legon, Ghana"],"department":["Acute Febrile Laboratory, Naval Medical Research Unit 3"]},{"name":"School of Medicine and Dentistry, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology","place":["Kumasi, Ghana"],"department":["Department of Molecular Medicine"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bright","family":"Agbodzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana","place":["Legon, Ghana"],"department":["Acute Febrile Laboratory, Naval Medical Research Unit 3"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ronald","family":"Bentil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana","place":["Legon, 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Ghana"],"department":["Department of Parasitology"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sylvester","family":"Coleman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Science, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology","place":["Kumasi, Ghana"],"department":["Department of Theoretical and Applied Biology"]},{"name":"Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine","place":["Liverpool, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Millicent","family":"Captain-Esoah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Environment and Life Sciences, University of Technology and Applied Sciences","place":["Navrongo, Ghana"],"department":["Department of Applied Biology"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chrysantus","family":"Kubio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Savannah Regional Health Directorate","place":["Damongo, 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