{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T18:00:45Z","timestamp":1791396045950,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":98,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791331200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006363","name":"National Geographic Society","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NGS-98595R-23"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NGS-98595R-23"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006363","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosglobalpublichealth.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLOS Glob Public Health"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) presents an existential One Health threat. The spread of AMR in arid and semi-arid landscapes is modulated by ecological interactions and exacerbated by endemicity of livestock diseases and poor sanitation in shared human-animal systems leading to misuse of antibiotics. This study characterized the prevalence, resistance patterns, and spatiotemporal variations of AMR in surface water sources in the Maasai Mara Ecosystem (MME), a rapidly changing water-stressed socio-ecological landscape. Employing cross-sectional study design, water samples were collected from 28 water points between April 2024 and May 2025. Cultured\n                    <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    isolates were evaluated for resistance to eight antibiotics, following CLSI susceptibility testing protocols. AMR prevalence was calculated as proportions, with associations between sampling sites and seasons assessed using chi-square. Local clustering of resistant isolates was evaluated using spatial multinomial modelling, while cost-distance analysis against water points identified the proportion of the MME population with limited access to potable water.\n                    <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    was detected in 92.9% water sources, with all isolates resistant to at least one antibiotic. High resistance rates were observed for Penicillin (100%), Amoxicillin (92.6%), Nitrofurantoin (78.6%), and Ceftazidime (52.9%). River samples exhibited higher resistance (51.4%) than open water pans (40.4%). AMR peaked during short-wet and short-dry seasons (51.3%; 51.5% respectively), with seasonal variations being significant (\n                    <jats:italic>p\u2009=\u20090.04<\/jats:italic>\n                    ). Multi-drug-resistant isolates (MDR: resistant to \u22653 antibiotic classes) were detected across all seasons, peaking in the short-wet season. MDR relationship between water sources was insignificant across all sampling sites and seasons (\n                    <jats:italic>p\u2009&gt;\u20090.05<\/jats:italic>\n                    ). Spatial analysis (\n                    <jats:italic>p\u2009&gt;\u20090.05<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) identified two exploratory clusters: Cluster 1 near dense human areas (RR\u2009=\u20090.78) while Cluster 2 in human-livestock-wildlife zones (RR\u2009=\u20091.26). Cost-distance analysis (\n                    <jats:italic>p\u2009&lt;\u20090.05<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) revealed one-third of the MME population is at risk of AMR due to limited access to potable water. Our findings reveal widespread distribution of AMR isolates in shared waterpoints, necessitating targeted One Health Quadripartite interventions.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgph.0007393","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T17:33:41Z","timestamp":1791394421000},"page":"e0007393","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pgph.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Spatiotemporal patterns of antimicrobial resistance in shared human-animal waterpoints in the Maasai Mara Ecosystem, Kenya"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"6","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9604-9746","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Brian Marvis","family":"Waswala-Olewe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Geography and Planning, Maasai Mara University","place":["Narok, Kenya"],"department":["Department of Environmental Studies"]},{"name":"Kenya National Commission for UNESCO","place":["Nairobi, Kenya"]},{"name":"Baruk Yadiym Ecosphere","place":["Nairobi, Kenya"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2041-4457","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"George Paul","family":"Omondi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Epidemiological Modelling and Analysis, University of Nairobi","place":["Nairobi, Kenya"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-3390-1639","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Monica Adhiambo","family":"Olewe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"World Health Organization","place":["Kampala, Uganda"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian","family":"Njuguna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Epidemiological Modelling and Analysis, University of Nairobi","place":["Nairobi, Kenya"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yvonne","family":"Nyararai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Midlands State University","place":["Gweru, Zimbabwe"],"department":["Department of Animal and Wildlife Sciences"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nyamai","family":"Mutono","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Epidemiological Modelling and Analysis, University of Nairobi","place":["Nairobi, Kenya"]},{"name":"Paul G. Allen School for Global Health, Washington State University","place":["Washington, United States of America"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mwangi","family":"Thumbi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Epidemiological Modelling and Analysis, University of Nairobi","place":["Nairobi, Kenya"]},{"name":"Paul G. Allen School for Global Health, Washington State University","place":["Washington, United States of America"]},{"name":"Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, University of Edinburgh","place":["Edinburgh, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0576-8935","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Paul W.","family":"Webala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Maasai Mara University","place":["Narok, Kenya"],"department":["Department of Forestry and Wildlife Management"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Romulus","family":"Abila","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geography and Planning, Maasai Mara University","place":["Narok, Kenya"],"department":["Department of Environmental Studies"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"pgph.0007393.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eehl.2023.04.004","article-title":"Health effects of climate change in Africa: A call for an improved implementation of prevention measures","volume":"2","author":"E Moyo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eco Environ Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"pgph.0007393.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-022-01016-5","article-title":"Global antimicrobial resistance: a system-wide comprehensive investigation using the Global One Health Index","volume":"11","author":"N Zhou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Infect Dis Poverty"},{"key":"pgph.0007393.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envadv.2022.100191","article-title":"Plasmid-mediated antimicrobial resistance in drinking water","volume":"8","author":"M Alawi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ Adv"},{"issue":"11","key":"pgph.0007393.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"786","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics9110786","article-title":"Antibiotic Dispensation without a Prescription Worldwide: A Systematic Review","volume":"9","author":"AD Batista","year":"2020","journal-title":"Antibiotics"},{"key":"pgph.0007393.ref005","unstructured":"United Nations. 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