{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T23:08:41Z","timestamp":1790636921693,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,12,11]],"date-time":"2007-12-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1197331200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosmedicine.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Med"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0040341","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,12,5]],"date-time":"2007-12-05T07:59:29Z","timestamp":1196841569000},"page":"e341","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pmed.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":73,"title":["The Consumption of Khat and Other Drugs in Somali Combatants: A Cross-Sectional Study"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Michael","family":"Odenwald","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harald","family":"Hinkel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisabeth","family":"Schauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frank","family":"Neuner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maggie","family":"Schauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas R","family":"Elbert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brigitte","family":"Rockstroh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,12,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"journal-pmed-0040341-b001","first-page":"455","volume":"17","author":"Gros","year":"1996","journal-title":"Third World Q","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0143-6597","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"journal-pmed-0040341-b003","author":"Menkhaus","year":"2003","journal-title":"Somalia: A Situation Analysis and Trend Assessment"},{"key":"journal-pmed-0040341-b004","author":"Terlinden","year":"2006","journal-title":"FAST Update Somalia: Semi-annual Risk Assessment, July 2005 to January 2006"},{"key":"journal-pmed-0040341-b005","author":"Terlinden","year":"2007","journal-title":"Fast Update Somalia January to March 2007"},{"key":"journal-pmed-0040341-b006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-349-62742-4","author":"Kigma","year":"2000","journal-title":"Demobilization in Sub-Saharan Africa: The Development and Security Impacts"},{"key":"journal-pmed-0040341-b007","first-page":"99","volume":"189","author":"Prigerson","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Nerv Ment Dis","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0022-3018","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"journal-pmed-0040341-b008","first-page":"221","volume":"2","author":"Mogapi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Intervention","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0713-4290","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"journal-pmed-0040341-b009","first-page":"203","volume":"193","author":"Fontana","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Nerv Ment Dis","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0022-3018","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"journal-pmed-0040341-b010","first-page":"421","volume":"151","author":"Rosenheck","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0002-953X","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"journal-pmed-0040341-b011","first-page":"717","volume":"14","author":"Savarese","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Trauma Stress","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0894-9867","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"journal-pmed-0040341-b012","first-page":"199","volume":"3","author":"Savoca","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Ment Health Policy Econ","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/1091-4358","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"journal-pmed-0040341-b013","author":"Kulka","year":"1990","journal-title":"Trauma and the Vietnam War Generation: Report of Findings from the National Vietnam Veterans Readjustment Study"},{"key":"journal-pmed-0040341-b014","first-page":"595","volume":"30","author":"Shipherd","year":"2005","journal-title":"Addict Behav","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0306-4603","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"journal-pmed-0040341-b015","first-page":"144","volume":"96","author":"Okulate","year":"2006","journal-title":"S Afr Med J","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0038-2469","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"journal-pmed-0040341-b016","first-page":"357","volume":"53","author":"McFall","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Stud Alcohol","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0096-882X","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"journal-pmed-0040341-b017","first-page":"206","volume":"13","author":"Brady","year":"2004","journal-title":"Curr Dir Psych Sci","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0963-7214","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"journal-pmed-0040341-b018","first-page":"827","volume":"23","author":"Chilcoat","year":"1998","journal-title":"Addict Behav","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0306-4603","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"journal-pmed-0040341-b019","first-page":"1184","volume":"158","author":"Jacobsen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0002-953X","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"journal-pmed-0040341-b020","first-page":"923","volume":"68","author":"Calhoun","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Consult Clin Psychol","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0022-006X","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"journal-pmed-0040341-b021","first-page":"410","volume":"71","author":"Ouimette","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Consult Clin Psychol","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0022-006X","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"journal-pmed-0040341-b022","first-page":"589","volume":"24","author":"Sloan","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0095-2990","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"journal-pmed-0040341-b023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1002\/jid.3380060308","volume":"6","author":"Collier","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Int Dev"},{"key":"journal-pmed-0040341-b024","author":"Kingma","year":"2000","journal-title":"War Force to Work Force: Global Perspectives on Demobilization and Reintegration"},{"key":"journal-pmed-0040341-b027","first-page":"21","volume":"47","author":"Halbach","year":"1972","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0042-9686","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"journal-pmed-0040341-b028","first-page":"61","volume":"99","author":"Numan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Addiction","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0965-2140","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"journal-pmed-0040341-b029","first-page":"85","volume":"140","author":"Toennes","year":"2004","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0379-0738","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"journal-pmed-0040341-b030","first-page":"35","volume":"140","author":"Gegax","year":"2002 September 30","journal-title":"Newsweek","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0028-9604","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"journal-pmed-0040341-b031","first-page":"5","volume":"32","author":"Szendrei","year":"1980","journal-title":"Bull Narc","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0007-523X","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"journal-pmed-0040341-b032","first-page":"397","volume":"48","author":"Kalix","year":"1990","journal-title":"Pharmacol Ther","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0163-7258","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"journal-pmed-0040341-b033","first-page":"67","volume":"32","author":"Zelger","year":"1980","journal-title":"Bull Narc","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0007-523X","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"journal-pmed-0040341-b034","first-page":"35","volume":"41","author":"Woolverton","year":"1984","journal-title":"J Exp Anal Behav","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0097-7403","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"journal-pmed-0040341-b035","first-page":"201","volume":"32","author":"Kalix","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Ethnopharmacol","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0378-8741","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"journal-pmed-0040341-b036","first-page":"19","volume":"23","author":"Nencini","year":"1989","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0376-8716","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"journal-pmed-0040341-b037","first-page":"299","volume":"10","author":"Al-Hebshi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Addict Biol","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/1355-6215","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"journal-pmed-0040341-b038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1145","DOI":"10.1517\/14740338.4.6.1145","volume":"4","author":"Al-Habori","year":"2005","journal-title":"Expert Opin Drug Saf"},{"key":"journal-pmed-0040341-b039","first-page":"9","volume":"53","author":"Odenwald","year":"2007","journal-title":"Sucht","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0939-5911","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"journal-pmed-0040341-b040","first-page":"163","volume":"8","author":"Elmi","year":"1983","journal-title":"J Ethnopharmacol","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0378-8741","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"journal-pmed-0040341-b041","first-page":"53","volume":"48","author":"Selassie","year":"1996","journal-title":"Bull Narc","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0007-523X","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"journal-pmed-0040341-b042","first-page":"71","volume":"91","author":"Zein","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Trop Med Hyg","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0022-5304","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"journal-pmed-0040341-b043","first-page":"97","volume":"82","author":"Omolo","year":"1987","journal-title":"Br J Addict","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0952-0481","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"journal-pmed-0040341-b044","first-page":"5","volume":"3","author":"Odenwald","year":"2005","journal-title":"BMC Med","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/1741-7015","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"journal-pmed-0040341-b045","author":"Grosse-Kettler","year":"2004","journal-title":"External Actors in Stateless Somalia"},{"key":"journal-pmed-0040341-b047","author":"Anderson","year":"2007","journal-title":"The Khat Controversy: Stimulating the Debate on Drugs"},{"key":"journal-pmed-0040341-b048","author":"Odenwald","year":"2002","journal-title":"War-trauma, khat abuse and psychosis: Mental health in the demobilization and reintegration program Somaliland [internal document]"},{"key":"journal-pmed-0040341-b049","author":"Hinkel","year":"2004","journal-title":"Discussion Paper for Ceasefire, Security Sector Rebuilding, Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration Planning for Somalia"},{"key":"journal-pmed-0040341-b050","author":"Smith","year":"2002","journal-title":"Evaluation of the Somalia North West Demobiolization and Reintegration Programme"},{"key":"journal-pmed-0040341-b051","first-page":"206","volume":"33","author":"Dunn","year":"1999","journal-title":"Rev Saude Publica","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0034-8910","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"journal-pmed-0040341-b052","first-page":"3130","volume":"20","author":"Kelly","year":"2002","journal-title":"Vaccine","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0264-410X","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"journal-pmed-0040341-b053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-007-9232-9","volume":"11","author":"Schwarcz","year":"2007","journal-title":"AIDS Behav"},{"key":"journal-pmed-0040341-b054","first-page":"205","volume":"22","author":"Smith","year":"2005","journal-title":"Fam Pract","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0263-2136","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"journal-pmed-0040341-b055","first-page":"436","volume":"33","author":"Brener","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Adolesc Health","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/1054-139X","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"journal-pmed-0040341-b056","first-page":"339","volume":"92","author":"Dunn","year":"2003","journal-title":"Psychol Rep","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0033-2941","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"journal-pmed-0040341-b057","first-page":"11","volume":"148","author":"Dhaifalah","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/1213-8118","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"journal-pmed-0040341-b058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1145","DOI":"10.1517\/14740338.4.6.1145","volume":"4","author":"Al-Habori","year":"2005","journal-title":"Expert Opin Drug Saf"},{"key":"journal-pmed-0040341-b059","first-page":"125","volume":"56","author":"Toennes","year":"2003","journal-title":"Br J Clin Pharmacol","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0306-5251","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"journal-pmed-0040341-b060","first-page":"355","volume":"65","author":"Dhadphale","year":"1988","journal-title":"East Afr Med J","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0012-835X","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"journal-pmed-0040341-b061","first-page":"657","volume":"19","author":"Pantelis","year":"1989","journal-title":"Psychol Med","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0033-2917","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"journal-pmed-0040341-b062","first-page":"470","volume":"66","author":"Perkins","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Stud Alcohol","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0096-882X","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"journal-pmed-0040341-b063","first-page":"10","volume":"1","author":"Odenwald","year":"2007","journal-title":"Confl Health","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/1752-1505","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"journal-pmed-0040341-b064","first-page":"829","volume":"64","author":"Kypri","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Stud Alcohol","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0096-882X","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"journal-pmed-0040341-b065","first-page":"334","volume":"18","author":"Lewis","year":"2004","journal-title":"Psychol Addict Behav","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0893-164X","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"journal-pmed-0040341-b066","first-page":"86","volume":"252","author":"Bersani","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0940-1334","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"journal-pmed-0040341-b067","first-page":"605","volume":"100","author":"Blows","year":"2005","journal-title":"Addiction","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0965-2140","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"journal-pmed-0040341-b068","author":"Patel","year":"2005","journal-title":"Khat use among Somalis in four English cities"},{"key":"journal-pmed-0040341-b069","author":"Griffiths","year":"1998","journal-title":"Drugs Prevention Initiative Paper No. 26"},{"key":"journal-pmed-0040341-b071","first-page":"403","volume":"16","author":"Al-Motarreb","year":"2002","journal-title":"Phytother Res","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0951-418X","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"journal-pmed-0040341-b072","first-page":"269","volume":"19","author":"Geisshusler","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Ethnopharmacol","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0378-8741","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"journal-pmed-0040341-b073","first-page":"161","volume":"58","author":"Mion","year":"1998","journal-title":"Med Trop (Mars)","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0025-682X","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"journal-pmed-0040341-b074","first-page":"285","volume":"42","author":"Saraceno","year":"1997","journal-title":"Can J Psychiatry","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0706-7437","issn-type":"print"},{"key":"journal-pmed-0040341-b075","first-page":"51","volume":"39","author":"Elmi","year":"1987","journal-title":"Bull Narc","ISSN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/issn\/0007-523X","issn-type":"print"}],"container-title":["PLoS Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,5]],"date-time":"2019-02-05T20:18:33Z","timestamp":1549397913000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pmed.0040341"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Phillipa","family":"Hay","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2007,12,11]]},"references-count":70,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,12,11]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pmed.0040341","relation":{},"ISSN":["1549-1676"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1549-1676","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2007,12,11]]}}}