{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T20:18:22Z","timestamp":1787775502542,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,8]],"date-time":"2014-04-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1396915200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosmedicine.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Med"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001625","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,8]],"date-time":"2014-04-08T21:44:20Z","timestamp":1396993460000},"page":"e1001625","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pmed.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["Changes in HIV Incidence among People Who Inject Drugs in Taiwan following Introduction of a Harm Reduction Program: A Study of Two Cohorts"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Yen-Fang","family":"Huang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jyh-Yuan","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenrad E.","family":"Nelson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hsu-Sung","family":"Kuo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chin-Yin","family":"Lew-Ting","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chin-Hui","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chang-Hsun","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Feng-Yee","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hui-Rong","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1733","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)61311-2","article-title":"Global epidemiology of injecting drug use and HIV among people who inject drugs: a systematic review","volume":"372","author":"BM Mathers","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref2","unstructured":"World Health Organization, United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, Joint United Nations Programme on HIV\/AIDS (2012) WHO, UNODC, UNAIDS technical guide for countries to set targets for universal access to HIV prevention, treatment and care for injecting drug users: 2012 revision. Available: <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/bitstream\/10665\/77969\/1\/9789241504379_eng.pdf\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/bitstream\/10665\/77969\/1\/9789241504379_eng.pdf<\/ext-link>. Accessed 1 January 2013."},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1014","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)60232-2","article-title":"HIV prevention, treatment, and care services for people who inject drugs: a systematic review of global, regional, and national coverage","volume":"375","author":"BM Mathers","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)60743-X","article-title":"HIV and risk environment for injecting drug users: the past, present, and future","volume":"376","author":"SA Strathdee","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)60742-8","article-title":"Prevention of HIV infection for people who inject drugs: why individual, structural, and combination approaches are needed","volume":"376","author":"L Degenhardt","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref6","first-page":"CD004145","article-title":"Oral substitution treatment of injecting opioid uses for prevention of HIV infection","volume":"2011","author":"L Gowing","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e5945","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.e5945","article-title":"Opiate substitution treatment and HIV transmission in people who inject drugs: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"345","author":"GJ MacArthur","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)60928-2","article-title":"Time to act: a call for comprehensive responses to HIV in people who use drugs","volume":"376","author":"CB Beyrer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2008.141846","article-title":"Associations between availability and coverage of HIV-prevention measures and subsequent incidence of diagnosed HIV infection among injection drug users","volume":"99","author":"L Wiessing","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1454","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2007.01912.x","article-title":"Full participation in harm reduction programmes is associated with decreased risk for human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis C virus: evidence from the Amsterdam cohort studies among drug users","volume":"102","author":"C Van Den Berg","year":"2007","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1000423","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000423","article-title":"Effectiveness and cost effectiveness of expanding harm reduction and antiretroviral therapy in a mixed HIV epidemic: a modeling analysis for Ukraine","volume":"8","author":"SS Alistar","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2295","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200411190-00010","article-title":"Global overview of injecting drug use and HIV infection among injecting drug users","volume":"18","author":"C Aceijas","year":"2004","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)60291-8","article-title":"HIV-1 in Taiwan","volume":"369","author":"YMA Chen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1437","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2011.03443.x","article-title":"Mortality among a cohort of drug users after their release from prison: an evaluation of the effectiveness of a harm reduction program in Taiwan","volume":"106","author":"YF Huang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1086\/422601","article-title":"Decreased HIV transmission after a policy of providing free access to highly active antiretroviral therapy in Taiwan","volume":"190","author":"CT Fang","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e28","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)60786-1","article-title":"Effects of education on harm-reduction programmes","volume":"379","author":"SY Lyu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.300.5.520","article-title":"Estimation of HIV incidence in the United States","volume":"300","author":"HT Hall","year":"2008","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref18","unstructured":"UNAIDS\/WHO Working Group on Global HIV\/AIDS and STI Surveillance (2011) When and how to use assays for recent infection to estimate HIV incidence at a population level. Geneva: World Health Organization. Available: <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.who.int\/diagnostics_laboratory\/hiv_incidence_may13_final.pdf\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/www.who.int\/diagnostics_laboratory\/hiv_incidence_may13_final.pdf<\/ext-link>. Accessed 1 July 2013."},{"key":"ref19","unstructured":"Taiwan Ministry of Justice (2012) [Statistics of justice in 2010.] Available: <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.moj.gov.tw\/public\/Attachment\/13118133562.pdf\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/www.moj.gov.tw\/public\/Attachment\/13118133562.pdf<\/ext-link>. Accessed 30 September 2012."},{"key":"ref20","unstructured":"Taiwan Centers for Disease Control Department of Health Executive Yuan (2012) [HIV\/AIDS statistics.] Available: <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.cdc.gov.tw\/professional\/info.aspx?treeid=BEAC9C103DF952C4&nowtreeid=2F13020F8A921CCB&tid=5250BA9AD485D6C3\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/www.cdc.gov.tw\/professional\/info.aspx?treeid=BEAC9C103DF952C4&amp;nowtreeid=2F13020F8A921CCB&amp;tid=5250BA9AD485D6C3<\/ext-link>. Accessed 1 December 2012."},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2623","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.42.6.2623-2628.2004","article-title":"Performance characteristics of the immunoglobulin G-capture BED-enzyme immunoassay, an assay to detect recent human immunodeficiency virus type 1 seroconversion","volume":"42","author":"T Dobbs","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1007\/s00285-009-0282-7","article-title":"Relating recent infection prevalence to incidence with a sub-population of non-progressors","volume":"60","author":"TA McWalter","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Math Biol"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.2010.0159","article-title":"Determination of mean recency period for estimation of HIV type 1 incidence with the BED-capture EIA in persons infected with diverse subtypes","volume":"27","author":"BS Parekh","year":"2012","journal-title":"AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwm324","article-title":"Immortal time bias in pharmaco-epidemiology","volume":"167","author":"S Suissa","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"ref25","first-page":"119","article-title":"Approximate is better than \u201cexact\u201d for interval estimation of binomial proportions","volume":"52","author":"A Agresti","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am Stat"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"b1649","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.b1649","article-title":"Longitudinal community plasma HIV-1 RNA concentrations and incidence of HIV-1 among injecting drug users: prospective cohort study","volume":"338","author":"E Wood","year":"2009","journal-title":"BMJ Wood E"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1111","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2011.03759.x","article-title":"Harm reduction interventions for drug injectors or heroin users in Spain: expanding coverage as the storm abates","volume":"107","author":"G Barrio","year":"2012","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1080\/09540129208251618","article-title":"Methadone maintenance treatment and HIV type 1 seroconversion among injecting drug users","volume":"4","author":"AB Williams","year":"1992","journal-title":"AIDS Care"},{"key":"ref29","first-page":"1049","article-title":"Human immunodeficiency virus seroconversion among intravenous drug users in- and out-of-treatment: an 18-month prospective follow-up","volume":"6","author":"DS Metzger","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1080\/09540129408258632","article-title":"Methadone treatment as a determinant of HIV risk reduction among injection drug users: a nested case-control study","volume":"6","author":"G Serpelloni","year":"1994","journal-title":"AIDS Care"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-199402000-00010","article-title":"HIV seroconversion in intravenous drug users in San Francisco, 1985\u20131990","volume":"8","author":"AR Moss","year":"1994","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1080\/10826080600669579","article-title":"Do needle syringe programs reduce HIV infection among injecting drug users: a comprehensive review of the international evidence","volume":"41","author":"A Wodak","year":"2006","journal-title":"Subst Use Misuse"},{"key":"ref33","unstructured":"Tilson H, Aramrattana A, Bozzette S (2007) Preventing HIV infection among injecting drug users in high-risk countries: an assessment of the evidence. Washington (District of Columbia): Institute of Medicine."},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2009.02888.x","article-title":"Evidence for the effectiveness of sterile injecting equipment provision in preventing hepatitis C and human immunodeficiency virus transmission among injecting drug users: a review of reviews","volume":"105","author":"N Palmateer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1978","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2011.03515.x","article-title":"The impact of needle and syringe provision and opiate substitution therapy on the incidence of hepatitis C virus in injecting drug users: pooling of UK evidence","volume":"106","author":"KM Turner","year":"2011","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2013.07.001","article-title":"Interventions to prevent HIV and hepatitis C in people who inject drugs: a review of reviews to assess evidence of effectiveness","volume":"25","author":"GJ MacArthur","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Drug Policy"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(08)70305-0","article-title":"Interventions to reduce HIV transmission related to injecting drug use in prison","volume":"9","author":"R J\u00fcrgens","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1296","DOI":"10.1111\/add.12107","article-title":"Low incidence of HCV amongst prisoners in Scotland","volume":"108","author":"A Taylor","year":"2013","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"ref39","first-page":"S146","article-title":"Elements of well-being affected by criminalizing the drug user","volume":"117","author":"MY Iguchi","year":"2002","journal-title":"Public Health Rep"}],"container-title":["PLoS Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001625","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,9]],"date-time":"2020-05-09T05:00:04Z","timestamp":1589000404000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001625"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Phillip","family":"Coffin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,8]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,8]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001625","relation":{},"ISSN":["1549-1676"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1549-1676","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,8]]}}}