{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,11]],"date-time":"2026-11-11T23:56:00Z","timestamp":1794441360698,"version":"4.9.1"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,26]],"date-time":"2016-04-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1461628800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/zero\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosmedicine.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Med"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001999","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,26]],"date-time":"2016-04-26T13:39:49Z","timestamp":1461677989000},"page":"e1001999","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pmed.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":440,"title":["The Vast and Varied Global Burden of Norovirus: Prospects for Prevention and Control"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Benjamin A.","family":"Lopman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Duncan","family":"Steele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carl D.","family":"Kirkwood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Umesh D.","family":"Parashar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,26]]},"reference":[{"issue":"9963","key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)61682-2","article-title":"Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990\u20132013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013","volume":"385","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"9966","key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)61698-6","article-title":"Global, regional, and national causes of child mortality in 2000\u201313, with projections to inform post-2015 priorities: an updated systematic analysis","volume":"385","author":"L Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref3","unstructured":"Global Health Data Exchange: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation; 2013. <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/vizhub.healthdata.org\/irank\/arrow.php\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/vizhub.healthdata.org\/irank\/arrow.php<\/ext-link>."},{"issue":"6","key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1436","DOI":"10.4161\/hv.28857","article-title":"Rotavirus vaccines: current status and future considerations","volume":"10","author":"C Yen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0142927","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0142927","article-title":"Aetiology-Specific Estimates of the Global and Regional Incidence and Mortality of Diarrhoeal Diseases Commonly Transmitted through Food","volume":"10","author":"SM Pires","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"9","key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e564","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(15)00151-5","article-title":"Pathogen-specific burdens of community diarrhoea in developing countries: a multisite birth cohort study (MAL-ED)","volume":"3","author":"JA Platts-Mills","year":"2015","journal-title":"The Lancet Global health"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e98201","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0098201","article-title":"Predominance of norovirus and sapovirus in Nicaragua after implementation of universal rotavirus vaccination","volume":"9","author":"F Bucardo","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMsa1206589","article-title":"Norovirus and medically attended gastroenteritis in U.S. children","volume":"368","author":"DC Payne","year":"2013","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(14)70767-4","article-title":"Global prevalence of norovirus in cases of gastroenteritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"14","author":"SM Ahmed","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1001921","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001921","article-title":"World Health Organization Estimates of the Global and Regional Disease Burden of 22 Foodborne Bacterial, Protozoal, and Viral Diseases, 2010: A Data Synthesis","volume":"12","author":"MD Kirk","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"issue":"6210","key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1257147","article-title":"Enteric bacteria promote human and mouse norovirus infection of B cells","volume":"346","author":"MK Jones","year":"2014","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"6219","key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1258025","article-title":"Commensal microbes and interferon-lambda determine persistence of enteric murine norovirus infection","volume":"347","author":"MT Baldridge","year":"2015","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"6196","key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1256942","article-title":"Coinfection. Virus-helminth coinfection reveals a microbiota-independent mechanism of immunomodulation","volume":"345","author":"LC Osborne","year":"2014","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"23","key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2178","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1101245","article-title":"Norovirus vaccine against experimental human Norwalk Virus illness","volume":"365","author":"RL Atmar","year":"2011","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"870","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiu497","article-title":"Norovirus vaccine against experimental human GII.4 virus illness: a challenge study in healthy adults","volume":"211","author":"DI Bernstein","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0151219","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0151219","article-title":"Global Economic Burden of Norovirus Gastroenteritis","volume":"11","author":"SM Bartsch","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0146280","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0146280","article-title":"Norovirus Epidemiology in Africa: A Review","volume":"11","author":"J Mans","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0145943","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0145943","article-title":"Population-Based Incidence Rates of Diarrheal Disease Associated with Norovirus, Sapovirus, and Astrovirus in Kenya","volume":"11","author":"K Shioda","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0148395","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0148395","article-title":"Incidence of Norovirus and Other Viral Pathogens That Cause Acute Gastroenteritis (AGE) among Kaiser Permanente Member Populations in the United States, 2012\u20132013","volume":"11","author":"SP Grytdal","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0148505","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0148505","article-title":"Incidence of Norovirus-Associated Medical Encounters among Active Duty United States Military Personnel and Their Dependents","volume":"11","author":"B Rha","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"9","key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1014","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwq021","article-title":"Community incidence of norovirus-associated infectious intestinal disease in England: improved estimates using viral load for norovirus diagnosis","volume":"171","author":"G Phillips","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268812000799","article-title":"The estimated disease burden of norovirus in The Netherlands","volume":"141","author":"L Verhoef","year":"2013","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2011.238386","article-title":"Longitudinal study of infectious intestinal disease in the UK (IID2 study): incidence in the community and presenting to general practice","volume":"61","author":"CC Tam","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gut"},{"issue":"8","key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1198","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1908.130465","article-title":"Norovirus disease in the United States","volume":"19","author":"AJ Hall","year":"2013","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0146972","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0146972","article-title":"Early Detection of Epidemic GII-4 Norovirus Strains in UK and Malawi: Role of Surveillance of Sporadic Acute Gastroenteritis in Anticipating Global Epidemics","volume":"11","author":"DJ Allen","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0145391","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0145391","article-title":"Norovirus Recombinant Strains Isolated from Gastroenteritis Outbreaks in Southern Brazil, 2004\u20132011","volume":"11","author":"TM Fumian","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0145254","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0145254","article-title":"A Multi-Site Study of Norovirus Molecular Epidemiology in Australia and New Zealand, 2013\u20132014","volume":"11","author":"KL Lim","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0143759","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0143759","article-title":"Vomiting as a Symptom and Transmission Risk in Norovirus Illness: Evidence from Human Challenge Studies","volume":"11","author":"AE Kirby","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1005334","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1005334","article-title":"Correlates of Protection against Norovirus Infection and Disease\u2014Where Are We Now, Where Do We Go?","volume":"12","author":"S Ramani","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1005385","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1005385","article-title":"Innate Resistance and Susceptibility to Norovirus Infection","volume":"12","author":"J Nordgren","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"issue":"9888","key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)60844-2","article-title":"Burden and aetiology of diarrhoeal disease in infants and young children in developing countries (the Global Enteric Multicenter Study, GEMS): a prospective, case-control study","volume":"382","author":"KL Kotloff","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwt287","article-title":"Epidemiologic implications of asymptomatic reinfection: a mathematical modeling study of norovirus","volume":"179","author":"B Lopman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"Suppl 4","key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S233","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciu408","article-title":"Methods of analysis of enteropathogen infection in the MAL-ED Cohort Study","volume":"59","author":"JA Platts-Mills","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01535-14","article-title":"Advances in laboratory methods for detection and typing of norovirus","volume":"53","author":"J Vinje","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"issue":"18","key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9932","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00674-07","article-title":"Epochal evolution of GGII.4 norovirus capsid proteins from 1995 to 2006","volume":"81","author":"JJ Siebenga","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2012.11.011","article-title":"Molecular epidemiology of noroviruses associated with acute sporadic gastroenteritis in children: global distribution of genogroups, genotypes and GII.4 variants","volume":"56","author":"TN Hoa Tran","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Clin Virol"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cis372","article-title":"Severe outcomes are associated with genogroup 2 genotype 4 norovirus outbreaks: a systematic literature review","volume":"55","author":"R Desai","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"26","key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES2015.20.26.21178","article-title":"Emergence of a novel GII.17 norovirus\u2014End of the GII.4 era?","volume":"20","author":"M de Graaf","year":"2015","journal-title":"Euro Surveill"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/150.4.531","article-title":"Serological responses among teenagers after natural exposure to Norwalk virus","volume":"150","author":"RC Baron","year":"1984","journal-title":"JInfectDis"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/161.1.18","article-title":"Multiple-challenge study of host susceptibility to Norwalk gastroenteritis in US adults","volume":"161","author":"PC Johnson","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197707142970204","article-title":"Clinical immunity in acute gastroenteritis caused by Norwalk agent","volume":"297","author":"TA Parrino","year":"1977","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/129.6.709","article-title":"Comparison of three agents of acute infectious nonbacterial gastroenteritis by cross-challenge in volunteers","volume":"129","author":"RG Wyatt","year":"1974","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"8","key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00196-15","article-title":"Serological Correlates of Protection against a GII.4 Norovirus","volume":"22","author":"RL Atmar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Vaccine Immunol"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1563","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0912.020076","article-title":"Risk factors for norovirus, Sapporo-like virus, and group A rotavirus gastroenteritis","volume":"9","author":"MA de Wit","year":"2003","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"}],"container-title":["PLOS Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001999","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,23]],"date-time":"2018-10-23T20:10:26Z","timestamp":1540325426000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001999"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,26]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,26]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001999","relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.3410\/f.726314315.793527514","asserted-by":"object"}],"has-part":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001999.t001","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001999.t002","asserted-by":"subject"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001999.t003","asserted-by":"subject"}]},"ISSN":["1549-1676"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1549-1676","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,26]]}}}