{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T15:25:06Z","timestamp":1781709906336,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,2]],"date-time":"2018-01-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1514851200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005416","name":"Norges Forskningsr\u00e5d","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2137788"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2137788"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005416","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosmedicine.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Med"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002476","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,2]],"date-time":"2018-01-02T19:13:53Z","timestamp":1514920433000},"page":"e1002476","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pmed.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":47,"title":["Life course socioeconomic position, alcohol drinking patterns in midlife, and cardiovascular mortality: Analysis of Norwegian population-based health surveys"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3502-3635","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Eirik","family":"Degerud","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Inger","family":"Ariansen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4390-6171","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Eivind","family":"Ystrom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sidsel","family":"Graff-Iversen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gudrun","family":"H\u00f8iseth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J\u00f8rg","family":"M\u00f8rland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1407-8314","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"George","family":"Davey Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u00d8yvind","family":"N\u00e6ss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,2]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.2004.023531","article-title":"Indicators of socioeconomic position (part 1)","volume":"60","author":"B Galobardes","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Community Health"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"912","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-12-912","article-title":"Socioeconomic inequalities in risk factors for non communicable diseases in low-income and middle-income countries: results from the World Health Survey","volume":"12","author":"AR Hosseinpoor","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1973","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.88.4.1973","article-title":"Socioeconomic factors and cardiovascular disease: a review of the literature","volume":"88","author":"GA Kaplan","year":"1993","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"9066","key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1655","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(96)07226-1","article-title":"Socioeconomic inequalities in morbidity and mortality in western Europe. The EU Working Group on Socioeconomic Inequalities in Health","volume":"349","author":"JP Mackenbach","year":"1997","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"9","key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9149(92)90726-F","article-title":"Atherosclerosis of the aorta and coronary arteries and cardiovascular risk factors in persons aged 6 to 30 years and studied at necropsy (The Bogalusa Heart Study)","volume":"70","author":"GS Berenson","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"issue":"7080","key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.314.7080.547","article-title":"Lifetime socioeconomic position and mortality: prospective observational study","volume":"314","author":"G Davey Smith","year":"1997","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"7145","key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1631","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.316.7145.1631","article-title":"Adverse socioeconomic conditions in childhood and cause specific adult mortality: prospective observational study","volume":"316","author":"G Davey Smith","year":"1998","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1093\/intjepid\/31.2.285","article-title":"A life course approach to chronic disease epidemiology: conceptual models, empirical challenges and interdisciplinary perspectives","volume":"31","author":"Y Ben-Shlomo","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"7","key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwn403","article-title":"Life-course socioeconomic position and incidence of coronary heart disease: the Framingham Offspring Study","volume":"169","author":"EB Loucks","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0152691","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0152691","article-title":"Life Course Socioeconomic Position: Associations with Cardiac Structure and Function at Age 60\u201364 Years in the 1946 British Birth Cohort","volume":"11","author":"ET Murray","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"8","key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.2007.065672","article-title":"Do consequences of a given pattern of drinking vary by socioeconomic status? A mortality and hospitalisation follow-up for alcohol-related causes of the Finnish Drinking Habits Surveys","volume":"62","author":"P Makela","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Community Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1093\/alcalc\/ags040","article-title":"Social inequalities and gender differences in the experience of alcohol-related problems","volume":"47","author":"U Grittner","year":"2012","journal-title":"Alcohol Alcohol"},{"key":"ref13","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref14","article-title":"Socioeconomic status as an effect modifier of alcohol consumption and harm: analysis of linked cohort data","author":"SV Katikireddi","journal-title":"The Lancet Public Health"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-016-3265-9","article-title":"Unravelling the alcohol harm paradox: a population-based study of social gradients across very heavy drinking thresholds","volume":"16","author":"D Lewer","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"d671","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.d671","article-title":"Association of alcohol consumption with selected cardiovascular disease outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"342","author":"PE Ronksley","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"d636","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.d636","article-title":"Effect of alcohol consumption on biological markers associated with risk of coronary heart disease: systematic review and meta-analysis of interventional studies","volume":"342","author":"SE Brien","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2011.10.011","article-title":"Moderate ethanol ingestion and cardiovascular protection: from epidemiologic associations to cellular mechanisms","volume":"52","author":"M Krenz","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Mol Cell Cardiol"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"g4164","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.g4164","article-title":"Association between alcohol and cardiovascular disease: Mendelian randomisation analysis based on individual participant data","volume":"349","author":"MV Holmes","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18422","DOI":"10.1038\/srep18422","article-title":"Alcohol intake and cardiovascular risk factors: A Mendelian randomisation study","volume":"5","author":"Y Cho","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-016-2766-x","article-title":"The alcohol harm paradox: using a national survey to explore how alcohol may disproportionately impact health in deprived individuals","volume":"16","author":"MA Bellis","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"ref22","first-page":"1","article-title":"The cardiovascular disease study in Norwegian counties. Background and organization","volume":"634","author":"K Bjartveit","year":"1979","journal-title":"Acta Med Scand Suppl"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dym217","article-title":"Cohort profile: cohort of Norway (CONOR)","volume":"37","author":"O Naess","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"27","key":"ref24","first-page":"2641","article-title":"Screening of 40-year-olds\u2014400,000 men and women attended","volume":"122","author":"A Tverdal","year":"2002","journal-title":"Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen"},{"key":"ref25","first-page":"xxv","author":"JM Oakes","year":"2006"},{"issue":"23","key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1889","DOI":"10.1136\/heartjnl-2014-307380","article-title":"Do repeated risk factor measurements influence the impact of education on cardiovascular mortality?","volume":"101","author":"I Ariansen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Heart"},{"issue":"7","key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.2003.010207","article-title":"Cumulative deprivation and cause specific mortality. A census based study of life course influences over three decades","volume":"58","author":"O Naess","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Community Health"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2015.04.160","article-title":"Family history of premature myocardial infarction, life course socioeconomic position and coronary heart disease mortality\u2014A Cohort of Norway (CONOR) study","volume":"190","author":"BS Fiska","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref29","first-page":"147","article-title":"The value of autopsies for determining the cause of death","volume":"132","author":"GC Alfsen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen"},{"key":"ref30","article-title":"RStudio: Integrated Development for R","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref31","unstructured":"Therneau T. (2015). A Package for Survival Analysis in S. version 2.38, <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/CRAN.R-project.org\/package=survival\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/CRAN.R-project.org\/package=survival<\/ext-link>."},{"issue":"3","key":"ref32","first-page":"67","article-title":"mice: Multivariate Imputation by Chained Equations in R","volume":"45","author":"S van Buuren","year":"2011"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1080\/00031305.2016.1154108","article-title":"The ASA&apos;s Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose","volume":"70","author":"RL Wasserstein","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am Stat"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.15288\/jsa.2006.67.421","article-title":"Higher prevalence of systemic hypertension among moderate alcohol drinkers: an exploration of the role of underreporting","volume":"67","author":"AL Klatsky","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Stud Alcohol"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"i26","DOI":"10.1093\/alcalc\/agl073","article-title":"Social inequalities in alcohol consumption and alcohol-related problems in the study countries of the EU concerted action &apos;Gender, Culture and Alcohol Problems: a Multi-national Study&apos;","volume":"41","author":"K Bloomfield","year":"2006","journal-title":"Alcohol Alcohol Suppl"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1658","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2009.02667.x","article-title":"&apos;I have no interest in drinking&apos;: a cross-national comparison of reasons why men and women abstain from alcohol use","volume":"104","author":"S Bernards","year":"2009","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"issue":"7","key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1246","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2012.03780.x","article-title":"The cardioprotective association of average alcohol consumption and ischaemic heart disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"107","author":"M Roerecke","year":"2012","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyl114","article-title":"Fibrinogen and coronary heart disease: test of causality by &apos;Mendelian randomization&apos;","volume":"35","author":"B Keavney","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E248","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2011-1846","article-title":"LCAT, HDL cholesterol and ischemic cardiovascular disease: a Mendelian randomization study of HDL cholesterol in 54,500 individuals","volume":"97","author":"CL Haase","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"9841","key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)60312-2","article-title":"Plasma HDL cholesterol and risk of myocardial infarction: a mendelian randomisation study","volume":"380","author":"BF Voight","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1310","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.113.002251","article-title":"Multiethnic meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies in &gt;100 000 subjects identifies 23 fibrinogen-associated Loci but no strong evidence of a causal association between circulating fibrinogen and cardiovascular disease","volume":"128","author":"M Sabater-Lleal","year":"2013","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1038\/nrcardio.2017.156","article-title":"Dyslipidaemia: Revealing the effect of CETP inhibition in cardiovascular disease","volume":"14","author":"MV Holmes","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cardiol"},{"issue":"8623","key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1267","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(88)92890-5","article-title":"Alcohol and mortality in British men: explaining the U-shaped curve","volume":"2","author":"AG Shaper","year":"1988","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1080\/08897070109511443","article-title":"Alcohol Consumption Estimates in Surveys in Europe: Comparability and Sensitivity for Gender Differences","volume":"22","author":"RA Knibbe","year":"2001","journal-title":"Subst Abus"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1128","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(17)35292-4","article-title":"Purification and characterization of a new alcohol dehydrogenase from human stomach","volume":"266","author":"A Moreno","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1205","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(89)91691-0","article-title":"Gastric origin of the first-pass metabolism of ethanol in humans: effect of gastrectomy","volume":"97","author":"J Caballeria","year":"1989","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e52","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0050052","article-title":"Alcohol intake and blood pressure: a systematic review implementing a Mendelian randomization approach","volume":"5","author":"L Chen","year":"2008","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2013.11.005","article-title":"Alcohol and cardiovascular health: the dose makes the poison\u2026or the remedy","volume":"89","author":"JH O'Keefe","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1093\/icb\/44.4.324","article-title":"Alcohol and cardiovascular health","volume":"44","author":"AL Klatsky","year":"2004","journal-title":"Integr Comp Biol"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-014-0182-6","article-title":"Alcohol consumption, drinking patterns, and ischemic heart disease: a narrative review of meta-analyses and a systematic review and meta-analysis of the impact of heavy drinking occasions on risk for moderate drinkers","volume":"12","author":"M Roerecke","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"866","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwn093","article-title":"Are lifetime abstainers the best control group in alcohol epidemiology? On the stability and validity of reported lifetime abstention","volume":"168","author":"J Rehm","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-011-0387-3","article-title":"Alcohol use and mental distress as predictors of non-response in a general population health survey: the HUNT study","volume":"47","author":"FA Torvik","year":"2012","journal-title":"Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1136\/jech-2012-201564","article-title":"Divergent associations of drinking frequency and binge consumption of alcohol with mortality within the same cohort","volume":"67","author":"S Graff-Iversen","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Community Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1314","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyu043","article-title":"Socioeconomic differences in alcohol-attributable mortality compared with all-cause mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"43","author":"C Probst","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-015-1720-7","article-title":"Relationship between alcohol-attributable disease and socioeconomic status, and the role of alcohol consumption in this relationship: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"15","author":"L Jones","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"}],"container-title":["PLOS Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002476","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,11]],"date-time":"2022-08-11T18:15:17Z","timestamp":1660241717000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002476"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Jurgen","family":"Rehm","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,2]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,2]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002476","relation":{},"ISSN":["1549-1676"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1549-1676","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,2]]}}}