{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T22:13:59Z","timestamp":1790374439999,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,10]],"date-time":"2018-07-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1531180800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002141","name":"Public Health England","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002141","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosmedicine.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Med"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002602","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,10]],"date-time":"2018-07-10T14:18:09Z","timestamp":1531232289000},"page":"e1002602","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pmed.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":87,"title":["Estimating the costs of air pollution to the National Health Service and social care: An assessment and forecast up to 2035"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5021-0143","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Laura","family":"Pimpin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6689-3599","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Lise","family":"Retat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0738-0013","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Daniela","family":"Fecht","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1684-9397","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Laure","family":"de Preux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Franco","family":"Sassi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Gulliver","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6214-0285","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Annalisa","family":"Belloni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7790-249X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Brian","family":"Ferguson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5248-7437","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Emily","family":"Corbould","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7903-5956","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Abbygail","family":"Jaccard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Webber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,10]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhealeco.2011.05.017","article-title":"School buses, diesel emissions, and respiratory health","volume":"30","author":"TK Beatty","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Health Econ"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e006946","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2014-006946","article-title":"Quantitative systematic review of the associations between short-term exposure to nitrogen dioxide and mortality and hospital admissions","volume":"5","author":"IC Mills","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"9","key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.1002\/hec.1475","article-title":"Do current levels of air pollution kill? The impact of air pollution on population mortality in England","volume":"18","author":"K Janke","year":"2009","journal-title":"Health Econ"},{"key":"ref4","unstructured":"House of Commons Environment Audit Committee. Air quality. Fifth report of session 2009\u201310. Volume 1. London: The Stationery Office; 2010 [cited 2018 Jun 11]. Available from: <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/publications.parliament.uk\/pa\/cm200910\/cmselect\/cmenvaud\/229\/229i.pdf\" xlink:type=\"simple\">https:\/\/publications.parliament.uk\/pa\/cm200910\/cmselect\/cmenvaud\/229\/229i.pdf<\/ext-link>."},{"issue":"7","key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e004787","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2014-004787","article-title":"The future burden of obesity-related diseases in the 53 WHO European-Region countries and the impact of effective interventions: a modelling study","volume":"4","author":"L Webber","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref6","article-title":"Modelling the implications of reducing smoking prevalence: the benefits of increasing the UK tobacco duty escalator to public health and economic outcomes","author":"A Knuchel-Takano","year":"2017","journal-title":"Tob Control"},{"key":"ref7","unstructured":"Office for National Statistics. Population Estimates for UK, England and Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland: mid-2015. Newport: Office for National Statistics; 2018 [cited 2018 Jun 21]. Available from: <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/www.ons.gov.uk\/peoplepopulationandcommunity\/populationandmigration\/populationestimates\/datasets\/populationestimatesforukenglandandwalesscotlandandnorthernireland\" xlink:type=\"simple\">https:\/\/www.ons.gov.uk\/peoplepopulationandcommunity\/populationandmigration\/populationestimates\/datasets\/populationestimatesforukenglandandwalesscotlandandnorthernireland<\/ext-link>."},{"key":"ref8","unstructured":"National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Technology appraisal guidance 2017. London: National Institute for Health and Care Excellence; 2017."},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2016.07.005","article-title":"Development of West-European PM2.5 and NO2 land use regression models incorporating satellite-derived and chemical transport modelling data","volume":"151","author":"K de Hoogh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"issue":"14","key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7804","DOI":"10.1021\/es4008849","article-title":"Development and back-extrapolation of NO2 land use regression models for historic exposure assessment in Great Britain","volume":"47","author":"J Gulliver","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"issue":"7","key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3762","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.5b05833","article-title":"Global estimates of fine particulate matter using a combined geophysical-statistical method with information from satellites, models, and monitors","volume":"50","author":"A van Donkelaar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8131","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-15-8131-2015","article-title":"Water soluble aerosols and gases at a UK background site\u2014part 1: controls of PM2.5 and PM10 aerosol composition","volume":"15","author":"MM Twigg","year":"2015","journal-title":"Atmos Chem Phys"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3563","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-18-3563-2018","article-title":"Analysis of the distributions of hourly NO2 concentrations contributing to annual average NO2 concentrations across the European monitoring network between 2000 and 2014","volume":"18","author":"S Malley","year":"2018","journal-title":"Atmos Chem Phys"},{"key":"ref14","unstructured":"British Lung Foundation. Asthma statistics. London: British Lung Foundation; 2018 [cited 2018 Jun 11]. Available from: <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/statistics.blf.org.uk\/asthma\" xlink:type=\"simple\">https:\/\/statistics.blf.org.uk\/asthma<\/ext-link>."},{"key":"ref15","unstructured":"Office for National Statistics. Deaths registered in England and Wales: 2015. Newport: Office for National Statistics; 2018 [cited 2018 Jun 11]. Available from: <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/www.ons.gov.uk\/peoplepopulationandcommunity\/birthsdeathsandmarriages\/deaths\/bulletins\/deathsregistrationsummarytables\/2015\" xlink:type=\"simple\">https:\/\/www.ons.gov.uk\/peoplepopulationandcommunity\/birthsdeathsandmarriages\/deaths\/bulletins\/deathsregistrationsummarytables\/2015<\/ext-link>."},{"key":"ref16","unstructured":"Public Health England. Archived modelled estimates and projections of COPD for Local Authorities in England (updated Oct 08). London: Public Health England; 2015 [cited 2018 Jun 21]. Available from: <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk\/20151111152641\/http:\/\/www.erpho.org.uk\/viewResource.aspx?id=18024\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk\/20151111152641\/http:\/\/www.erpho.org.uk\/viewResource.aspx?id=18024<\/ext-link>."},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"d8059","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.d8059","article-title":"Determinants of the decline in mortality from acute myocardial infarction in England between 2002 and 2010: linked national database study","volume":"344","author":"K Smolina","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref18","unstructured":"British Heart Foundation. Cardiovascular disease statistics 2014. London: British Heart Foundation; 2018 [cited 2018 Jun 11]. Available from: <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/www.bhf.org.uk\/research\/heart-statistics\/heart-statistics-publications\/cardiovascular-disease-statistics-2014\" xlink:type=\"simple\">https:\/\/www.bhf.org.uk\/research\/heart-statistics\/heart-statistics-publications\/cardiovascular-disease-statistics-2014<\/ext-link>."},{"key":"ref19","unstructured":"NHS Digital. National Diabetes Audit\u20142015\u20132016: report 1, care processes and treatment targets. Leeds: NHS Digital; 2017 [cited 2018 Jun 11]. Available from: <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.content.digital.nhs.uk\/catalogue\/PUB23241\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/www.content.digital.nhs.uk\/catalogue\/PUB23241<\/ext-link>."},{"key":"ref20","first-page":"2009","article-title":"Stroke statistics","author":"P Scarborough","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref21","unstructured":"Alzheimer\u2019s Society. Dementia UK report. London: Alzheimer\u2019s Society; 2018 [cited 2018 Jun 11]. Available from: <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/www.alzheimers.org.uk\/info\/20025\/policy_and_influencing\/251\/dementia_uk\" xlink:type=\"simple\">https:\/\/www.alzheimers.org.uk\/info\/20025\/policy_and_influencing\/251\/dementia_uk<\/ext-link>."},{"key":"ref22","article-title":"Statistics by cancer type","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref23","unstructured":"Office for National Statistics. Cancer survival in England\u2014adults diagnosed: 2010 to 2014, followed up to 2015. Newport: Office for National Statistics; 2016."},{"key":"ref24","unstructured":"Office for National Statistics. Cancer survival in England: adults diagnosed 2008\u20132012 and followed up to 2013. Newport: Office for National Statistics; 2014."},{"issue":"4","key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1307049","article-title":"An integrated risk function for estimating the global burden of disease attributable to ambient fine particulate matter exposure","volume":"122","author":"RT Burnett","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"ref26","author":"Food Department for Environment","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref27","unstructured":"Royal College of Physicians. Every breath we take: the lifelong impact of air pollution. London: Royal College of Physicians; 2016."},{"key":"ref28","unstructured":"Committee on the Medical Effects of Air Pollutants. The mortality effects of long-term exposure to particulate air pollution in the United Kingdom. Chilton: Committee on the Medical Effects of Air Pollutants; 2010."},{"key":"ref29","unstructured":"Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs. Valuing impacts on air quality: updates in valuing changes in emissions of oxides of nitrogen (NOX) and concentrations of nitrogen dioxide (NO2). London: Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs; 2015."},{"key":"ref30","article-title":"Estimating local mortality burdens associated with particulate air pollution","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref31","article-title":"Valuation of health benefits associated with reductions in air pollution: final report","author":"Food Department for Environment","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref32","article-title":"Statement on quantifying the association of long-term average concentrations of nitrogen dioxide and mortality","year":"2015"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e202","DOI":"10.1016\/S2542-5196(18)30067-6","article-title":"The Lancet Countdown on health benefits from the UK Climate Change Act: a modelling study for Great Britain","volume":"2","author":"ML Williams","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Planet Health"},{"key":"ref34","unstructured":"Ellison J. PHE remit letter: 2016 to 2017. London: Public Health England; 2016 May 13 [cited 2018 Jun 20]. Available from: <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/publications\/phe-remit-letter-2016-to-2017\" xlink:type=\"simple\">https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/publications\/phe-remit-letter-2016-to-2017<\/ext-link>."},{"key":"ref35","article-title":"Air quality plan for nitrogen dioxide (NO2) in UK","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref36","unstructured":"National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Air pollution: outdoor air quality and health. London: National Institute for Health and Care Excellence; 2017 [cited 2018 Jun 11]. Available from: <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/www.nice.org.uk\/guidance\/ng70\" xlink:type=\"simple\">https:\/\/www.nice.org.uk\/guidance\/ng70<\/ext-link>."},{"key":"ref37","unstructured":"Asthma UK. Why we need a Clean Air Act. London: Asthma UK; 2017 [cited 2018 Jun 11]. Available from: <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/www.asthma.org.uk\/get-involved\/campaigns\/campaigns-blog\/why-we-need-clean-air-act\/\" xlink:type=\"simple\">https:\/\/www.asthma.org.uk\/get-involved\/campaigns\/campaigns-blog\/why-we-need-clean-air-act\/<\/ext-link>."},{"key":"ref38","unstructured":"ClientEarth. UK government will face court hearing over toxic pollution. London: ClientEarth; 2017 [cited 2018 Jun 11]. Available from: <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/www.clientearth.org\/uk-government-will-face-court-hearing-toxic-pollution\/\" xlink:type=\"simple\">https:\/\/www.clientearth.org\/uk-government-will-face-court-hearing-toxic-pollution\/<\/ext-link>."},{"key":"ref39","author":"L Sager","year":"2016"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/S1364-0321(99)00011-8","article-title":"Renewable energy and sustainable development: a crucial review","volume":"4","author":"I Dincer","year":"2000","journal-title":"Renew Sustain Energy Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2008.09.063","article-title":"Air pollution, greenhouse gases and climate change: global and regional perspectives","volume":"43","author":"V Ramanathan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Atmos Environ"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.2008.042358","article-title":"The joint association of air pollution and noise from road traffic with cardiovascular mortality in a cohort study","volume":"66","author":"R Beelen","year":"2009","journal-title":"\u200eOccup Environ Med"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthplace.2017.09.006","article-title":"The effects of air pollution on individual psychological distress","volume":"48","author":"V Sass","year":"2017","journal-title":"Health Place"},{"issue":"7","key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3652","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.102.7.3652","article-title":"The impact of pollution on worker productivity","volume":"102","author":"J Graff Zivin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am Econ Rev"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2014.10.004","article-title":"Traffic-related air pollution and health co-benefits of alternative transport in Adelaide, South Australia","volume":"74","author":"T Xia","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"issue":"9705","key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1930","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)61714-1","article-title":"Public health benefits of strategies to reduce greenhouse-gas emissions: urban land transport","volume":"374","author":"J Woodcock","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2014.12.014","article-title":"Associations between air pollution and socioeconomic characteristics, ethnicity and age profile of neighbourhoods in England and the Netherlands","volume":"198","author":"D Fecht","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ Pollut"}],"container-title":["PLOS Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002602","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,20]],"date-time":"2019-10-20T11:29:16Z","timestamp":1571570956000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002602"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Aziz","family":"Sheikh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,10]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,10]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002602","relation":{},"ISSN":["1549-1676"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1549-1676","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,10]]}}}