{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T01:17:04Z","timestamp":1790212624253,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,5]],"date-time":"2018-10-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1538697600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosmedicine.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Med"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002669","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,5]],"date-time":"2018-10-05T13:29:15Z","timestamp":1538746155000},"page":"e1002669","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pmed.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["Long-term trends in incidence and risk factors for ischaemic stroke subtypes: Prospective population study of the South London Stroke Register"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9951-0435","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Hatem A.","family":"Wafa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles D. A.","family":"Wolfe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anthony","family":"Rudd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanzhong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","unstructured":"WHO. The top 10 causes of death. World Health Organization; 2017. Available from: http:\/\/www.who.int\/mediacentre\/factsheets\/fs310\/en\/<\/ext-link>. [cited 2017 Jul 17]."},{"issue":"9859","key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2197","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)61689-4","article-title":"for 291 diseases and injuries in 21 regions, 1990\u20132010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010","volume":"380","author":"CJ Murray","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e67","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000558","article-title":"Heart disease and stroke statistics\u20142018 update: a report from the American Heart Association","volume":"137","author":"EJ Benjamin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1159\/000441085","article-title":"Update on the Global Burden of Ischemic and Hemorrhagic Stroke in 1990\u20132013: The GBD 2013 Study","volume":"45","author":"VL Feigin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuroepidemiology"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(03)00266-7","article-title":"Stroke epidemiology: a review of population-based studies of incidence, prevalence, and case-fatality in the late 20th century","volume":"2","author":"VL Feigin","year":"2003","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"issue":"9425","key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1925","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)16405-2","article-title":"Change in stroke incidence, mortality, case-fatality, severity, and risk factors in Oxfordshire, UK from 1981 to 2004 (Oxford Vascular Study)","volume":"363","author":"PM Rothwell","year":"2004","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gheart.2014.01.001","article-title":"The global burden of ischemic stroke: findings of the GBD 2010 study","volume":"9","author":"DA Bennett","year":"2014","journal-title":"Glob Heart"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"990","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000004325","article-title":"Sex-specific stroke incidence over time in the Greater Cincinnati\/Northern Kentucky Stroke Study","volume":"89","author":"TE Madsen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"7","key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1674","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.0000226979.56456.a8","article-title":"Stable stroke incidence rates but improved case-fatality in Dijon, France, from 1985 to 2004","volume":"37","author":"I Benatru","year":"2006","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"issue":"9","key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1871","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.110.581033","article-title":"Ischemic stroke subtypes in a Japanese population: Takashima Stroke Registry, 1988\u20132004","volume":"41","author":"TC Turin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1159\/000371353","article-title":"Time trends in incidence of pathological and etiological stroke subtypes during 16 years: the Erlangen Stroke Project","volume":"44","author":"PL Kolominsky-Rabas","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuroepidemiology"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.117.019358","article-title":"Stroke Incidence by Major Pathological Type and Ischemic Subtypes in the Auckland Regional Community Stroke Studies: Changes Between 2002 and 2011","volume":"49","author":"RV Krishnamurthi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.107.493643","article-title":"Trends in incidence and outcome of stroke in Perth, Western Australia during 1989 to 2001: the Perth Community Stroke Study","volume":"39","author":"MS Islam","year":"2008","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3298","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.113.002604","article-title":"Age and ethnic disparities in incidence of stroke over time: the South London Stroke Register","volume":"44","author":"Y Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2014.7692","article-title":"Stroke incidence and mortality trends in US communities, 1987 to 2011","volume":"312","author":"S Koton","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1747-4949.2011.00594.x","article-title":"Epidemiology of stroke","volume":"6","author":"S Sacco","year":"2011","journal-title":"Italy. Int J Stroke"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1159\/000321734","article-title":"Trends in stroke incidence in Hong Kong differ by stroke subtype","volume":"31","author":"PH Chau","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cerebrovasc Dis"},{"issue":"8","key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2204","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.107.507285","article-title":"Ethnic group disparities in 10-year trends in stroke incidence and vascular risk factors: the South London Stroke Register (SLSR)","volume":"39","author":"PU Heuschmann","year":"2008","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1001033","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001033","article-title":"Estimates of outcomes up to ten years after stroke: analysis from the prospective South London Stroke Register","volume":"8","author":"CD Wolfe","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"issue":"7189","key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.318.7189.967","article-title":"Ethnic differences in incidence of stroke: prospective study with stroke register","volume":"318","author":"JA Stewart","year":"1999","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref21","unstructured":"ONS. Census 2011: Population and Household Estimates for the United Kingdom. Office for National Statistics; 2011. Available from: https:\/\/www.nomisweb.co.uk\/census\/2011\/dc2101ew<\/ext-link>. [cited 2017 Jan 10]."},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"d744","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.d744","article-title":"Provision of acute stroke care and associated factors in a multiethnic population: prospective study with the South London Stroke Register","volume":"342","author":"J Addo","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.72.2.211","article-title":"Incidence and case fatality rates of stroke subtypes in a multiethnic population: the South London Stroke Register","volume":"72","author":"CD Wolfe","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1351","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/30.6.1351","article-title":"Estimation of the incidence of stroke using a capture-recapture model including covariates","volume":"30","author":"K Tilling","year":"2001","journal-title":"International Journal of Epidemiology"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref25","first-page":"541","article-title":"Experience from a multicentre stroke register: a preliminary report","volume":"54","author":"S Hatano","year":"1976","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.24.1.35","article-title":"Classification of subtype of acute ischemic stroke. Definitions for use in a multicenter clinical trial. TOAST. Trial of Org 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment","volume":"24","author":"HP Adams","year":"1993","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref27","unstructured":"ONS. Census 1991: Population and Household Estimates for the United Kingdom. Office for National Statistics; 1991. Available from: https:\/\/www.nomisweb.co.uk\/query\/construct\/summary.asp?mode=construct&version=0&dataset=38<\/ext-link>. [cited 2016 Sep 9]."},{"key":"ref28","unstructured":"ONS. Census 2001: Population and Household Estimates for the United Kingdom. Office for National Statistics; 2001. Available from: https:\/\/www.nomisweb.co.uk\/census\/2001\/st101<\/ext-link>. [cited 2017 Mar 15]."},{"issue":"368","key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1979.10481038","article-title":"Robust Locally Weighted Regression and Smoothing Scatterplots","volume":"74","author":"WS Cleveland","year":"1979","journal-title":"Journal of the American Statistical Association"},{"key":"ref30","author":"DB Rubin","year":"2004"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1007\/s12134-014-0340-x","article-title":"The Healthy Immigrant Effect: Patterns and Evidence from Four Countries","volume":"16","author":"S Kennedy","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of International Migration and Integration"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.112.680843","article-title":"Trends and Survival Between Ethnic Groups After Stroke The South London Stroke Register","volume":"44","author":"YZ Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2473","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.0000242766.65550.92","article-title":"The unchanging incidence and case-fatality of stroke in the 1990s: a population-based study","volume":"37","author":"D Kleindorfer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"issue":"7","key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1326","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.109.575043","article-title":"Stroke incidence is decreasing in whites but not in blacks: a population-based estimate of temporal trends in stroke incidence from the Greater Cincinnati\/Northern Kentucky Stroke Study","volume":"41","author":"DO Kleindorfer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref35","first-page":"35","article-title":"Risk factors for and incidence of subtypes of ischemic stroke","volume":"27","author":"H Ihle-Hansen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Funct Neurol"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2735","DOI":"10.1161\/hs1201.100209","article-title":"Epidemiology of ischemic stroke subtypes according to TOAST criteria: incidence, recurrence, and long-term survival in ischemic stroke subtypes: a population-based study","volume":"32","author":"PL Kolominsky-Rabas","year":"2001","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"issue":"8","key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1725","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.32.8.1725","article-title":"Race-ethnic disparities in the impact of stroke risk factors: the northern Manhattan stroke study","volume":"32","author":"RL Sacco","year":"2001","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1171","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.0000217222.09978.ce","article-title":"Racial and geographic differences in awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension: the REasons for Geographic And Racial Differences in Stroke study","volume":"37","author":"G Howard","year":"2006","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.22539","article-title":"Trends in stroke hospitalizations and associated risk factors among children and young adults, 1995\u20132008","volume":"70","author":"MG George","year":"2011","journal-title":"Annals of neurology"},{"issue":"17","key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1781","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e318270401d","article-title":"Age at stroke Temporal trends in stroke incidence in a large, biracial population","volume":"79","author":"BM Kissela","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref41","unstructured":"HSE. England\u2019s changing health since the 1990s. Health Survey for England; 2016. Available from: http:\/\/healthsurvey.hscic.gov.uk\/data-visualisation\/data-visualisation\/explore-the-trends.aspx<\/ext-link>. [cited 2018 Feb 14]."},{"issue":"8","key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.113.005119","article-title":"Worldwide epidemiology of atrial fibrillation: a Global Burden of Disease 2010 Study","volume":"129","author":"SS Chugh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"9455","key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)70151-3","article-title":"Global burden of hypertension: analysis of worldwide data","volume":"365","author":"PM Kearney","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1047","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.27.5.1047","article-title":"Global prevalence of diabetes: estimates for the year 2000 and projections for 2030","volume":"27","author":"S Wild","year":"2004","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2902","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.0000147965.52712.fa","article-title":"Statins in stroke prevention and carotid atherosclerosis: systematic review and up-to-date meta-analysis","volume":"35","author":"P Amarenco","year":"2004","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"issue":"9326","key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)09327-3","article-title":"MRC\/BHF Heart Protection Study of cholesterol lowering with simvastatin in 20 536 high-risk individuals: a randomised placebo-controlled trial","volume":"360","year":"2002","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"issue":"19","key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1349","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199811053391902","article-title":"Prevention of cardiovascular events and death with pravastatin in patients with coronary heart disease and a broad range of initial cholesterol levels","volume":"339","year":"1998","journal-title":"New England Journal of Medicine"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(07)70028-5","article-title":"Genetics of ischaemic stroke","volume":"6","author":"M Dichgans","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"issue":"9","key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(16)30073-4","article-title":"Global burden of stroke and risk factors in 188 countries, during 1990\u20132013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013.","volume":"15","author":"VL Feigin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3754","DOI":"10.1161\/STR.0000000000000046","article-title":"Guidelines for the primary prevention of stroke: a statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association\/American Stroke Association","volume":"45","author":"JF Meschia","year":"2014","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"issue":"10046","key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)30506-2","article-title":"Global and regional effects of potentially modifiable risk factors associated with acute stroke in 32 countries (INTERSTROKE): a case-control study","volume":"388","author":"MJ O'Donnell","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"9932","key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1912","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)60688-7","article-title":"Hypertension management in England: a serial cross-sectional study from 1994 to 2011","volume":"383","author":"E Falaschetti","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"j3984","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.j3984","article-title":"Trends for prevalence and incidence of resistant hypertension: population based cohort study in the UK 1995\u20132015","volume":"358","author":"SJ Sinnott","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMJ"}],"container-title":["PLOS Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002669","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,22]],"date-time":"2018-10-22T22:20:58Z","timestamp":1540246858000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002669"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Joshua Z.","family":"Willey","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,5]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,5]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002669","relation":{},"ISSN":["1549-1676"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1549-1676","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,5]]}}}