{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T09:40:26Z","timestamp":1790502026927,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,27]],"date-time":"2018-11-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1543276800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Australian National Health and Medical Research Council","award":["APP1027196"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["APP1027196"]}]},{"name":"Australian National Health and Medical Research Council","award":["APP1121844"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["APP1121844"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosmedicine.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Med"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002704","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,27]],"date-time":"2018-11-27T18:45:16Z","timestamp":1543344316000},"page":"e1002704","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pmed.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":114,"title":["Relationships between intensity, duration, cumulative dose, and timing of smoking with age at menopause: A pooled analysis of individual data from 17 observational studies"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0697-7432","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Dongshan","family":"Zhu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3261-5942","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Hsin-Fang","family":"Chung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nirmala","family":"Pandeya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4956-0124","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Annette J.","family":"Dobson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3421-0121","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Janet E.","family":"Cade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7035-3096","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Darren C.","family":"Greenwood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sybil L.","family":"Crawford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1077-3037","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Nancy E.","family":"Avis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ellen B.","family":"Gold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ellen S.","family":"Mitchell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8396-3467","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Nancy F.","family":"Woods","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8996-9624","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Debra","family":"Anderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel E.","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lynnette L.","family":"Sievert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric J.","family":"Brunner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7386-2857","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Diana","family":"Kuh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebecca","family":"Hardy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4648-3936","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kunihiko","family":"Hayashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jung Su","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hideki","family":"Mizunuma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4946-9099","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Graham G.","family":"Giles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9356-2015","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Fiona","family":"Bruinsma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Therese","family":"Tillin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7351-7463","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mette Kildev\u00e6ld","family":"Simonsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9592-5791","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Hans-Olov","family":"Adami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2237-0128","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Elisabete","family":"Weiderpass","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2843-8640","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Marianne","family":"Canonico","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marie-Laure","family":"Ancelin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Panayotes","family":"Demakakos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6003-4884","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Gita D.","family":"Mishra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,27]]},"reference":[{"issue":"11","key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1287","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwn046","article-title":"Predictors of the timing of natural menopause in the Multiethnic Cohort Study","volume":"167","author":"KD Henderson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"12","key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1195","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a009609","article-title":"International variability in ages at menarche, first livebirth, and menopause. World Health Organization Collaborative Study of Neoplasia and Steroid Contraceptives","volume":"148","author":"A Morabia","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kws421","article-title":"Factors related to age at natural menopause: longitudinal analyses from SWAN","volume":"178","author":"EB Gold","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref4","first-page":"87","article-title":"Mechanisms of premature ovarian failure","volume":"64","author":"N. Santoro","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ann Endocrinol (Paris)"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1038","DOI":"10.1097\/GME.0000000000000319","article-title":"The North American Menopause Society recommendations for clinical care of midlife women","volume":"21","author":"JL Shifren","year":"2014","journal-title":"Menopause (New York, NY)"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/deg005","article-title":"Premature menopause in a multi-ethnic population study of the menopause transition","volume":"18","author":"JL Luborsky","year":"2003","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref7","first-page":"604","article-title":"Incidence of premature ovarian failure","volume":"67","author":"CB Coulam","year":"1986","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"7","key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1001\/jamacardio.2016.2415","article-title":"Association of Age at Onset of Menopause and Time Since Onset of Menopause With Cardiovascular Outcomes, Intermediate Vascular Traits, and All-Cause Mortality: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis","volume":"1","author":"T Muka","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA cardiology"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2009.08.003","article-title":"Premature menopause or early menopause: long-term health consequences","volume":"65","author":"LT Shuster","year":"2010","journal-title":"Maturitas"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1491","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/dev054","article-title":"Diabetes and onset of natural menopause: results from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition","volume":"30","author":"JS Brand","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1097\/GME.0000000000000714","article-title":"Reproductive history and risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus in postmenopausal women: findings from the Women's Health Initiative","volume":"24","author":"ES LeBlanc","year":"2017","journal-title":"Menopause (New York, NY)"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1093\/hsw\/hlx010","article-title":"Prevalence and Determinants of Premature Menopause among Indian Women: Issues and Challenges Ahead","volume":"42","author":"SB Jungari","year":"2017","journal-title":"Health Soc Work"},{"issue":"8","key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-018-0367-y","article-title":"Body mass index and age at natural menopause: an international pooled analysis of 11 prospective studies","volume":"33","author":"D Zhu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref14","first-page":"679","article-title":"Early menarche, nulliparity and the risk for premature and early natural menopause","volume":"32","author":"GD Mishra","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1542","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyu094","article-title":"Socioeconomic position, lifestyle factors and age at natural menopause: a systematic review and meta-analyses of studies across six continents","volume":"43","author":"DA Schoenaker","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2008.09.021","article-title":"The relationship between smoking and age at the menopause: A systematic review","volume":"61","author":"RC Parente","year":"2008","journal-title":"Maturitas"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-5122(95)00928-E","article-title":"Cross-sectional and case-controlled analyses of the association between smoking and early menopause","volume":"22","author":"DW Cramer","year":"1995","journal-title":"Maturitas"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.1136\/tobaccocontrol-2015-052510","article-title":"Associations between lifetime tobacco exposure with infertility and age at natural menopause: the Women's Health Initiative Observational Study","volume":"25","author":"A Hyland","year":"2016","journal-title":"Tob Control"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-7-149","article-title":"Early menopause, association with tobacco smoking, coffee consumption and other lifestyle factors: a cross-sectional study","volume":"7","author":"TF Mikkelsen","year":"2007","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a113598","article-title":"Cigarette smoking, relative weight, and menopause","volume":"117","author":"W Willett","year":"1983","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2004.02161.x","article-title":"Endocrine effects of tobacco smoking","volume":"61","author":"K Tziomalos","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2012.12.011","article-title":"InterLACE: A New International Collaboration for a Life Course Approach to Women's Reproductive Health and Chronic Disease Events","volume":"74","author":"GD Mishra","year":"2013","journal-title":"Maturitas"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2016.07.021","article-title":"The InterLACE study: Design, data harmonization and characteristics across 20 studies on women's health","volume":"92","author":"GD Mishra","year":"2016","journal-title":"Maturitas"},{"key":"ref24","article-title":"Logit and probit: Ordered and multinomial models","author":"VK Borooah","year":"2002"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.93.2.299","article-title":"Onset of natural menopause in African American women","volume":"93","author":"JR Palmer","year":"2003","journal-title":"American journal of public health"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ede.0000134868.53468.b7","article-title":"Current smoking at menopause rather than duration determines the onset of natural menopause","volume":"15","author":"KM van Asselt","year":"2004","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"issue":"9","key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/153.9.865","article-title":"Factors associated with age at natural menopause in a multiethnic sample of midlife women","volume":"153","author":"EB Gold","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2012.05.004","article-title":"Cigarette smoking and age of menopause: a large prospective study","volume":"72","author":"MR Hayatbakhsh","year":"2012","journal-title":"Maturitas"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1097\/00001648-199911000-00021","article-title":"Active and passive smoking and the occurrence of natural menopause","volume":"10","author":"GS Cooper","year":"1999","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2003.10.011","article-title":"Time to menopause in relation to PBBs, PCBs, and smoking","volume":"49","author":"HM Blanck","year":"2004","journal-title":"Maturitas"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-008X(71)90109-8","article-title":"Effect of halogenated hydrocarbon insecticides on the metabolism and uterotropic action of estrogens in rats and mice","volume":"19","author":"RM Welch","year":"1971","journal-title":"Toxicol Appl Pharmacol"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.3109\/03602532.2011.596204","article-title":"The ability of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons to alter physiological factors underlying drug disposition","volume":"43","author":"ME Elsherbiny","year":"2011","journal-title":"Drug Metab Rev"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(90)90420-C","article-title":"The antiestrogenic effect of cigarette smoking in women","volume":"162","author":"JA Baron","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"21","key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1305","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198611203152101","article-title":"Increased 2-hydroxylation of estradiol as a possible mechanism for the anti-estrogenic effect of cigarette smoking","volume":"315","author":"JJ Michnovicz","year":"1986","journal-title":"The New England journal of medicine"},{"issue":"26","key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1705","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198806303182601","article-title":"Cigarette smoking and levels of adrenal androgens in postmenopausal women","volume":"318","author":"KT Khaw","year":"1988","journal-title":"The New England journal of medicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmq033","article-title":"Effects of cigarette smoking on reproduction","volume":"17","author":"C Dechanet","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hum Reprod Update"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2006.11.013","article-title":"Effect of nicotine on in vitro maturation of bovine oocytes","volume":"103","author":"Y Liu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Anim Reprod Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-5122(94)90057-4","article-title":"Factors associated with onset of menopause in women aged 45\u201349","volume":"19","author":"DJ Torgerson","year":"1994","journal-title":"Maturitas"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.3961\/jpmph.15.021","article-title":"Effects of Smoking on Menopausal Age: Results From the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2007 to 2012","volume":"48","author":"HJ Yang","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Prev Med Public Health"},{"issue":"7","key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1086","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.84.7.1086","article-title":"The validity of self-reported smoking: a review and meta-analysis","volume":"84","author":"DL Patrick","year":"1994","journal-title":"American journal of public health"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref41","first-page":"47","article-title":"Assessment of validity of self-reported smoking status","volume":"23","author":"SL Wong","year":"2012","journal-title":"Health Rep"},{"key":"ref42","unstructured":"Drope J, Schluger NW, Cahn Z, Drope J, Hamill S, Islami F, et al. The tobacco atlas, 6th edn. 2018."}],"container-title":["PLOS Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002704","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,9]],"date-time":"2020-05-09T14:57:52Z","timestamp":1589036272000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002704"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Sanjay","family":"Basu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,27]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,27]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002704","relation":{},"ISSN":["1549-1676"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1549-1676","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,27]]}}}