{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T01:34:06Z","timestamp":1790472846797,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,2]],"date-time":"2019-01-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1546387200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004440","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["105828\/Z\/14\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["105828\/Z\/14\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004440","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosmedicine.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Med"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002719","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,2]],"date-time":"2019-01-02T18:31:55Z","timestamp":1546453915000},"page":"e1002719","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pmed.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":162,"title":["HIV self-testing alone or with additional interventions, including financial incentives, and linkage to care or prevention among male partners of antenatal care clinic attendees in Malawi: An adaptive multi-arm, multi-stage cluster randomised trial"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6095-9430","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Augustine T.","family":"Choko","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3552-3181","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Elizabeth L.","family":"Corbett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7781-1512","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Nigel","family":"Stallard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7375-4845","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Hendramoorthy","family":"Maheswaran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aurelia","family":"Lepine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cheryl C.","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Doreen","family":"Sakala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thokozani","family":"Kalua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3091-7330","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Moses","family":"Kumwenda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1729-9892","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Richard","family":"Hayes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katherine","family":"Fielding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","year":"2017"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e505","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3018(17)30122-4","article-title":"Progress of UNAIDS 90-90-90 targets in a district in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, with high HIV burden, in the HIPSS study: a household-based complex multilevel community survey","volume":"4","author":"A Grobler","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet HIV"},{"key":"ref3","article-title":"Supplement to consolidated guidelines on HIV testing services","year":"2016"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-017-1887-2","article-title":"A randomized controlled trial evaluating efficacy of promoting a home-based HIV self-testing with online counseling on increasing HIV testing among men who have sex with men","volume":"22","author":"Z Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"AIDS Behav"},{"issue":"9","key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1001873","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001873","article-title":"Uptake, accuracy, safety, and linkage into care over two years of promoting annual self-testing for HIV in Blantyre, Malawi: a community-based prospective study","volume":"12","author":"AT Choko","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2014.6493","article-title":"Effect of optional home initiation of HIV care following HIV self-testing on antiretroviral therapy initiation among adults in Malawi: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"312","author":"P MacPherson","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1002166","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002166","article-title":"Promoting partner testing and couples testing through secondary distribution of HIV self-tests: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"13","author":"S Masters","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1002442","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002442","article-title":"HIV self-testing among female sex workers in Zambia: a cluster randomized controlled trial","volume":"14","author":"MM Chanda","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1002458","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002458","article-title":"Direct provision versus facility collection of HIV self-tests among female sex workers in Uganda: a cluster-randomized controlled health systems trial","volume":"14","author":"K Ortblad","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2011.02893.x","article-title":"Universal voluntary HIV testing in antenatal care settings: a review of the contribution of provider-initiated testing &amp; counselling","volume":"17","author":"B Hensen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0b013e3181fdb4c4","article-title":"Male antenatal attendance and HIV testing are associated with decreased infant HIV infection and increased HIV-free survival.","volume":"56","author":"A Aluisio","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1186\/s13063-017-2093-2","article-title":"Investigating interventions to increase uptake of HIV testing and linkage into care or prevention for male partners of pregnant women in antenatal clinics in Blantyre, Malawi: study protocol for a cluster randomised trial","volume":"18","author":"AT Choko","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trials"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21610","DOI":"10.7448\/IAS.20.1.21610","article-title":"Acceptability of woman-delivered HIV self-testing to the male partner, and additional interventions: a qualitative study of antenatal care participants in Malawi.","volume":"20","author":"AT Choko","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Int AIDS Soc"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-016-0577-7","article-title":"Cost and quality of life analysis of HIV self-testing and facility-based HIV testing and counselling in Blantyre, Malawi","volume":"14","author":"H Maheswaran","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"key":"ref15","author":"JR Hayes","year":"2009"},{"issue":"272","key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1096","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1955.10501294","article-title":"A multiple comparison procedure for comparing several treatments with a control","volume":"50","author":"CW Dunnett","year":"1955","journal-title":"J Am Stat Assoc"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e266","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3018(16)00041-2","article-title":"Promoting male partner HIV testing and safer sexual decision making through secondary distribution of self-tests by HIV-negative female sex workers and women receiving antenatal and post-partum care in Kenya: a cohort study","volume":"3","author":"H Thirumurthy","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet HIV"},{"key":"ref18","unstructured":"Wanyenze RK. HIV self-testing for partners of women attending antenatal care in central Uganda: uptake and linkage to care. 9th IAS Conference on HIV Science; 2017 Jul 23\u201326; Paris, France."},{"issue":"1","key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21594","DOI":"10.7448\/IAS.20.1.21594","article-title":"Examining the effects of HIV self-testing compared to standard HIV testing services: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"20","author":"CC Johnson","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Int AIDS Soc"},{"issue":"14","key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2133","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000000395","article-title":"Systematic review of strategies to increase men\u2019s HIV-testing in sub-Saharan Africa","volume":"28","author":"B Hensen","year":"2014","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0b013e31827971ca","article-title":"HIV testing and counseling leads to immediate consistent condom use among South African stable HIV-discordant couples","volume":"62","author":"NE Rosenberg","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"issue":"7580","key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S77","DOI":"10.1038\/nature16044","article-title":"Systematic review and meta-analysis of community and facility-based HIV testing to address linkage to care gaps in sub-Saharan Africa","volume":"528","author":"M Sharma","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1829","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.98.5.1829","article-title":"The demand for, and impact of, learning HIV status","volume":"98","author":"RL Thornton","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am Econ Rev"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1293.2011.00947.x","article-title":"Incentivized recruitment of a population sample to a mobile HIV testing service increases the yield of newly diagnosed cases, including those in need of antiretroviral therapy","volume":"13","author":"K Kranzer","year":"2012","journal-title":"HIV Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e28","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0b013e31824445f0","article-title":"An incentivized HIV counseling and testing program targeting hard-to-reach unemployed men in Cape Town, South Africa","volume":"59","author":"MD Nglazi","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciu324","article-title":"Voucher incentives improve linkage to and retention in care among HIV-infected drug users in Chennai, India","volume":"59","author":"SS Solomon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"8","key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1083","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2017.2158","article-title":"Financial incentives for linkage to care and viral suppression among HIV-positive patients: a randomized clinical trial (HPTN 065)","volume":"177","author":"WM El-Sadr","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1089\/apc.2017.0238","article-title":"A conditional economic incentive fails to improve linkage to care and antiretroviral therapy initiation among HIV-positive adults in Cape Town","volume":"32","author":"B Maughan-Brown","year":"2018","journal-title":"South Africa. AIDS Patient Care STDS"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/2046-4053-2-5","article-title":"Male involvement in prevention programs of mother to child transmission of HIV: a systematic review to identify barriers and facilitators","volume":"2","author":"F Morfaw","year":"2013","journal-title":"Syst Rev"},{"key":"ref30","article-title":"Policy Research Working Paper No. 7215","author":"MB Nyqvist","year":"2015"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e79","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3018(17)30176-5","article-title":"Economic incentives for HIV testing by adolescents in Zimbabwe: a randomised controlled trial","volume":"5","author":"K Kranzer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet HIV"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"950","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a009739","article-title":"Application of computer-assisted interviews to sexual behavior research","volume":"149","author":"P Kissinger","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1709","DOI":"10.1093\/qje\/qjr032","article-title":"Cash or condition? Evidence from a cash transfer experiment","volume":"126","author":"S Baird","year":"2011","journal-title":"Q J Econ"}],"container-title":["PLOS Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002719","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,9]],"date-time":"2020-05-09T06:03:36Z","timestamp":1589004216000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002719"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Elvin H.","family":"Geng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,2]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,2]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002719","relation":{},"ISSN":["1549-1676"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1549-1676","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,2]]}}}