{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T18:10:58Z","timestamp":1778695858874,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,14]],"date-time":"2019-06-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1560470400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003554","name":"Lundbeckfonden","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R232-2016-2462 and R265-2017-4069"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R232-2016-2462 and R265-2017-4069"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003554","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Danish Council for Independent Research","award":["DFF-6110-00019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DFF-6110-00019"]}]},{"name":"Karen Elise Jensens Fond","award":["2016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016"]}]},{"name":"the U.S. National Institute of Environmental Health Science","award":["R01ES027051"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01ES027051"]}]},{"name":"the U.S. National Library of Medicine","award":["K01LM012381"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K01LM012381"]}]},{"name":"Danish Council for Independent Research","award":["DFF-6110-00019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DFF-6110-00019"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004046","name":"Karen Elise Jensens Fond","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004046","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"the Nordic Cancer Union","award":["176673 and 186200"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["176673 and 186200"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009708","name":"Novo Nordisk Fonden","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NNF18OC0052029"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NNF18OC0052029"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009708","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81530086"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81530086"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"the National Center for Advancing Translational Science (NCATS)","award":["UL1TR001881"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UL1TR001881"]}]},{"name":"the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD)","award":["R01HD072296"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01HD072296"]}]},{"name":"the California Center for Population Research at UCLA (CCPR), which receives core support from the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD)","award":["R24HD041022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R24HD041022"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosmedicine.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Med"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002831","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,14]],"date-time":"2019-06-14T17:30:35Z","timestamp":1560533435000},"page":"e1002831","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pmed.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Mediating roles of preterm birth and restricted fetal growth in the relationship between maternal education and infant mortality: A Danish population-based cohort study"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4208-9480","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yongfu","family":"Yu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9424-7869","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Zeyan","family":"Liew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3490-648X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Aolin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9067-1697","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Onyebuchi A.","family":"Arah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jialiang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J\u00f8rn","family":"Olsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sven","family":"Cnattingius","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guoyou","family":"Qin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carsten","family":"Obel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3865-323X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Bo","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,14]]},"reference":[{"issue":"9946","key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"880","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)60485-2","article-title":"Deaths in young people aged 0\u201324 years in the UK compared with the EU15+ countries, 1970\u20132008: analysis of the WHO Mortality Database","volume":"384","author":"RM Viner","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3016.2011.01200.x","article-title":"Socioeconomic inequalities and infant mortality of 46,470 preterm infants born in Sweden between 1992 and 2006","volume":"25","author":"S Calling","year":"2011","journal-title":"Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1083","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyl047","article-title":"Post-neonatal mortality in Norway 1969\u201395: a cause-specific analysis","volume":"35","author":"A Arntzen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1552","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.e1552","article-title":"Trends in socioeconomic inequalities in risk of sudden infant death syndrome, other causes of infant mortality, and stillbirth in Scotland: population based study","volume":"344","author":"AM Wood","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyh054","article-title":"Socioeconomic status and risk of infant death. A population-based study of trends in Norway, 1967\u20131998","volume":"33","author":"A Arntzen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"c654","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.c654","article-title":"Educational inequalities in mortality over four decades in Norway: prospective study of middle aged men and women followed for cause specific mortality, 1960\u20132000","volume":"340","author":"BH Strand","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"830","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyg209","article-title":"Widening socioeconomic inequalities in mortality in six Western European countries","volume":"32","author":"JP Mackenbach","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref8","first-page":"1","article-title":"Deaths: leading causes for 2010","volume":"62","author":"M. Heron","year":"2013","journal-title":"Natl Vital Stat Rep"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e000964","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2012-000964","article-title":"Social inequality and infant health in the UK: systematic review and meta-analyses","volume":"2","author":"AL Weightman","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2214.2004.00485.x","article-title":"The effect of income inequality and macro\u2010level social policy on infant mortality and low birthweight in developed countries\u2013a preliminary systematic review","volume":"30","author":"N. Spencer","year":"2004","journal-title":"Child Care Health Dev"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/1047-2797(94)90082-5","article-title":"Associations between measures of socioeconomic status and low birth weight, small for gestational age, and premature delivery in the United States","volume":"4","author":"JD Parker","year":"1994","journal-title":"Ann Epidemiol"},{"issue":"9890","key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)60993-9","article-title":"Mortality risk in preterm and small-for-gestational-age infants in low-income and middle-income countries: a pooled country analysis","volume":"382","author":"J Katz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"9","key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.1136\/jech-2014-205387","article-title":"Mother\u2019s education and the risk of preterm and small for gestational age birth: a DRIVERS meta-analysis of 12 European cohorts","volume":"69","author":"M Ruiz","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Community Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1177\/1403494809353820","article-title":"Income-related and educational inequality in small-for-gestational age and preterm birth in Denmark and Finland 1987\u20132003","volume":"38","author":"LH Mortensen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Scand J Public Health"},{"issue":"6808","key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"964","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.303.6808.964","article-title":"Influence of birth weight on differences in infant mortality by social class and legitimacy","volume":"303","author":"DA Leon","year":"1991","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1007\/s13669-013-0041-z","article-title":"Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR): etiology and diagnosis","volume":"2","author":"A Suhag","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr Obstet Gynecol Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2004.10.015","article-title":"Prematurity and fetal growth restriction","volume":"81","author":"JO Gardosi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Early Hum Dev"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20171881","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2017-1881","article-title":"Mortality in infants affected by preterm birth and severe small-for-gestational age birth weight","volume":"140","author":"JG Ray","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyq127","article-title":"Cohort profile: the Nordic Perinatal Bereavement Cohort","volume":"40","author":"J Li","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.3109\/17538157.2010.492923","article-title":"Perinatal health monitoring in Europe: results from the EURO-PERISTAT project","volume":"35","author":"M Gissler","year":"2010","journal-title":"Inform Health Soc Care"},{"key":"ref21","unstructured":"Eurostat. European shortlist for causes of death, 1998. Luxembourg: Eurostat; 2015 [cited 2015 Oct 17]. Available from: <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/eurostat\/ramon\/documents\/cod_1998\/cod_1998_pdf.zip\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/eurostat\/ramon\/documents\/cod_1998\/cod_1998_pdf.zip<\/ext-link>."},{"issue":"1","key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-018-0356-1","article-title":"The Danish Medical Birth Register","volume":"33","author":"M Bliddal","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur J Epidemiol"},{"key":"ref23","author":"T. VanderWeele","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref24","unstructured":"Pearl J. Direct and indirect effects. In: Breese J, Koller D, editors. Proceedings of the seventeenth conference on uncertainty in artificial intelligence. San Francisco: Morgan Kaufmann Publishers; 2001. pp. 411\u201320."},{"issue":"2","key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1097\/00001648-199203000-00013","article-title":"Identifiability and exchangeability for direct and indirect effects","volume":"3","author":"JM Robins","year":"1992","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1097\/00001648-200009000-00011","article-title":"Marginal structural models and causal inference in epidemiology","volume":"11","author":"JM Robins","year":"2000","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0b013e3182781410","article-title":"Policy-relevant proportions for direct effects","volume":"24","author":"TJ VanderWeele","year":"2013","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-publhealth-032315-021402","article-title":"Mediation analysis: a practitioner\u2019s guide","volume":"37","author":"TJ VanderWeele","year":"2016","journal-title":"Annu Rev Public Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0b013e3181df191c","article-title":"Bias formulas for sensitivity analysis for direct and indirect effects","volume":"21","author":"TJ VanderWeele","year":"2010","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"884","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0b013e3181bbd46c","article-title":"Alcohol drinking pattern during pregnancy and risk of infant mortality","volume":"20","author":"K Strandberg-Larsen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1093\/eurpub\/ckm125","article-title":"Neonatal and postneonatal mortality by maternal education\u2014a population-based study of trends in the Nordic countries, 1981\u20132000","volume":"18","author":"A Arntzen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur J Public Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.84.4.307","article-title":"Social deprivation and the causes of stillbirth and infant mortality","volume":"84","author":"ZE Guildea","year":"2001","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1511","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyt127","article-title":"Mediation analysis in epidemiology: methods, interpretation and bias","volume":"42","author":"L Richiardi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"8","key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.53.8.495","article-title":"Socioeconomic status and birth weight: comparison of an area-based measure with the Registrar General\u2019s social class","volume":"53","author":"N Spencer","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Community Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2004.03.007","article-title":"Risk factors for low birth weight: a review","volume":"116","author":"J Valero De Bernabe","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1177\/14034948990270021301","article-title":"Effects of maternal education on infant mortality and stillbirths in Denmark","volume":"27","author":"O Olsen","year":"1999","journal-title":"Scand J Public Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1080\/14034940410029450","article-title":"Social determinants for infant mortality in the Nordic countries, 1980\u20132001","volume":"32","author":"A Arntzen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Scand J Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0146669","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0146669","article-title":"Mortality in children aged 0\u20139 years: a nationwide cohort study from three Nordic countries","volume":"11","author":"Y Yu","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"6","key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1233","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/30.6.1233","article-title":"On the importance\u2014and the unimportance\u2014of birthweight","volume":"30","author":"AJ Wilcox","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"ref40","unstructured":"EURO-PERISTAT project, Surveillance of Cerebral Palsy in Europe, EUROCAT, EURONEOCAT. European perinatal health report. EURO-PERISTAT; 2008 [cited 2015 May 12]. Available from: <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/www.europeristat.com\/images\/doc\/EPHR\/european-perinatal-health-report.pdf\" xlink:type=\"simple\">https:\/\/www.europeristat.com\/images\/doc\/EPHR\/european-perinatal-health-report.pdf<\/ext-link>."},{"issue":"3","key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.56.3.200","article-title":"Socioeconomic differences in children\u2019s use of physician services in the Nordic countries","volume":"56","author":"M. Halldorsson","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Community Health"},{"issue":"10134","key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2008","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)30670-6","article-title":"Child mortality in England compared with Sweden: a birth cohort study","volume":"391","author":"A Zylbersztejn","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"10","key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1136\/jech-2018-210817","article-title":"Socioeconomic inequalities in health and the use of healthcare services in Catalonia: analysis of the individual data of 7.5 million residents","volume":"72","author":"A Garcia-Altes","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Community Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1136\/jech-2016-208370","article-title":"Trends in educational inequalities in premature mortality in Belgium between the 1990s and the 2000s: the contribution of specific causes of deaths","volume":"71","author":"F Renard","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Community Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref45","first-page":"53","article-title":"Maternal education and fetal and infant mortality in Quebec","volume":"10","author":"J Chen","year":"1998","journal-title":"Health Rep"},{"issue":"3","key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3016.2000.00266.x","article-title":"Socio-economic disparities in pregnancy outcome: why do the poor fare so poorly?","volume":"14","author":"MS Kramer","year":"2000","journal-title":"Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.2008.078741","article-title":"Ethnic disparity in stillbirth and infant mortality in Denmark 1981\u20132003","volume":"63","author":"SF Villadsen","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Community Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1093\/pubmed\/fdn057","article-title":"Why does birthweight vary among ethnic groups in the UK? Findings from the Millennium Cohort Study","volume":"31","author":"Y Kelly","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Public Health (Oxf)"},{"key":"ref49","unstructured":"Statistics Denmark. Population and elections. Copenhagen: Statistics Denmark; 2017 [cited 2017 Sep 28]. Available from: <ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.statbank.dk\/statbank5a\/default.asp?w=1920\" xlink:type=\"simple\">http:\/\/www.statbank.dk\/statbank5a\/default.asp?w=1920<\/ext-link>."},{"issue":"10","key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1018","DOI":"10.1177\/2047487315585294","article-title":"Prenatal exposure to maternal stress following bereavement and cardiovascular disease: a nationwide population-based and sibling-matched cohort study","volume":"23","author":"O Plana-Ripoll","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur J Prev Cardiol"}],"container-title":["PLOS Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002831","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,8]],"date-time":"2020-05-08T19:32:26Z","timestamp":1588966346000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002831"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Lars \u00c5ke","family":"Persson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,14]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,14]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002831","relation":{},"ISSN":["1549-1676"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1549-1676","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,14]]}}}