{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T21:04:01Z","timestamp":1790802241895,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,11]],"date-time":"2019-11-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1573430400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["OPP1123577"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OPP1123577"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosmedicine.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Med"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002951","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,11]],"date-time":"2019-11-11T13:23:11Z","timestamp":1573478591000},"page":"e1002951","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pmed.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":50,"title":["Oxygen systems to improve clinical care and outcomes for children and neonates: A stepped-wedge cluster-randomised trial in Nigeria"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2461-0463","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Hamish R.","family":"Graham","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2456-7899","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ayobami A.","family":"Bakare","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adejumoke I.","family":"Ayede","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0127-0769","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Amy Z.","family":"Gray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9904-1077","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Barbara","family":"McPake","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Peel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olatayo","family":"Olatinwo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oladapo B.","family":"Oyewole","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7998-0942","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Eleanor F. G.","family":"Neal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0599-8645","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Cattram D.","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9688-9259","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Shamim A.","family":"Qazi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rasa","family":"Izadnegahdar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John B.","family":"Carlin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adegoke G.","family":"Falade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4637-1416","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Trevor","family":"Duke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,11]]},"reference":[{"issue":"11","key":"pmed.1002951.ref001","first-page":"1362","article-title":"Oxygen is an essential medicine: a call for international action","volume":"14","author":"T Duke","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Tuberc Lung Dis"},{"key":"pmed.1002951.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(09)70071-4","article-title":"The prevalence of hypoxaemia among ill children in developing countries: a systematic review","volume":"9","author":"R Subhi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"issue":"9","key":"pmed.1002951.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1147","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.12738","article-title":"Hypoxaemia in Mozambican children <5 years of age admitted to hospital with clinical severe pneumonia: clinical features and performance of predictor models","volume":"21","author":"Q Bassat","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"pmed.1002951.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e57","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(15)00215-6","article-title":"Mortality and its risk factors in Malawian children admitted to hospital with clinical pneumonia, 2001\u201312: a retrospective observational study","volume":"4","author":"M Lazzerini","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"issue":"9","key":"pmed.1002951.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0136166","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0136166","article-title":"Hypoxaemia as a Mortality Risk Factor in Acute Lower Respiratory Infections in Children in Low and Middle-Income Countries: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"10","author":"M Lazzerini","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"pmed.1002951.ref006","article-title":"Hypoxaemia in hospitalised children and neonates: a prospective cohort study in Nigerian secondary-level hospitals","author":"HR Graham","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"issue":"4","key":"pmed.1002951.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.16.186676","article-title":"Providing oxygen to children in hospitals: a realist review","volume":"95","author":"H Graham","year":"2017","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"pmed.1002951.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1093\/tropej\/fmr103","article-title":"Oxygen and pulse oximetry in childhood pneumonia: A survey of healthcare providers in resource-limited settings","volume":"58","author":"AS Ginsburg","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Tropical Pediatrics"},{"issue":"5","key":"pmed.1002951.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.5588\/ijtld.10.0544","article-title":"The functioning of oxygen concentrators in resource-limited settings: a situation assessment in two countries","volume":"15","author":"SF La Vincente","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int J Tuberc Lung Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"pmed.1002951.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1093\/trstmh\/trt017","article-title":"Multicenter study of hypoxemia prevalence and quality of oxygen treatment for hospitalized Malawian children","volume":"107","author":"ED McCollum","year":"2013","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"pmed.1002951.ref011","first-page":"587","article-title":"Oxygen for treatment of severe pneumonia in The Gambia, West Africa: a situational analysis","volume":"13","author":"SE Hill","year":"2009","journal-title":"The international journal of tuberculosis and lung disease : the official journal of the International Union against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease"},{"key":"pmed.1002951.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1179\/146532806X152791","article-title":"Hypoxaemia among children in rural hospitals in Papua New Guinea: epidemiology and resource availability\u2014a study to support a national oxygen programme","volume":"26","author":"F Wandi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann Trop Paediatr"},{"issue":"45","key":"pmed.1002951.ref013","article-title":"Oxygen for children and newborns in non-tertiary hospitals in South-west Nigeria: A needs-assessment","author":"H Graham","year":"2016","journal-title":"Afr J Med Med Sci"},{"issue":"9646","key":"pmed.1002951.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1328","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)61164-2","article-title":"Improved oxygen systems for childhood pneumonia: a multihospital effectiveness study in Papua New Guinea","volume":"372","author":"T Duke","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"pmed.1002951.ref015","article-title":"Improved oxygen systems in district hospitals in Lao PDR: a prospective field trial of the impact on outcomes for childhood pneumonia and equipment sustainability","volume":"1","author":"AZ Gray","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"7580","key":"pmed.1002951.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S53","DOI":"10.1038\/nature16043","article-title":"Evaluating the impact of pulse oximetry on childhood pneumonia mortality in resource-poor settings","volume":"528","author":"J Floyd","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"pmed.1002951.ref017","volume-title":"Levels and Trends in Child Mortality: Report 2018","author":"UN IGCME","year":"2018"},{"key":"pmed.1002951.ref018","volume-title":"UNICEF Data: Monitoring the Situation of Children and Women: Cause of death","author":"WHO and Maternal and Child Epidemiology Estimation Group (MCEE)","year":"2015"},{"issue":"2","key":"pmed.1002951.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.4314\/ahs.v14i2.16","article-title":"Hypoxemia predicts death from severe falciparum malaria among children under 5 years of age in Nigeria: the need for pulse oximetry in case management","volume":"14","author":"O Adebola","year":"2014","journal-title":"Afr Health Sci"},{"issue":"11","key":"pmed.1002951.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1093\/trstmh\/trt082","article-title":"Prevalence and predictors of hypoxaemia in respiratory and non-respiratory primary diagnoses among emergently ill children at a tertiary hospital in south western Nigeria","volume":"107","author":"AE Orimadegun","year":"2013","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"2","key":"pmed.1002951.ref021","first-page":"53","article-title":"Hypoxaemia as a measure of disease severity in young hospitalised Nigerian children with pneumonia: A cross-sectional study","volume":"9","author":"MB Abdulkadir","year":"2015","journal-title":"SAJCH South African Journal of Child Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"pmed.1002951.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1111\/jpc.13742","article-title":"Pulse oximetry values of neonates admitted for care and receiving routine oxygen therapy at a resource-limited hospital in Kenya","volume":"54","author":"MC Morgan","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Paediatr Child Health"},{"key":"pmed.1002951.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1097\/01.inf.0000078163.80807.88","article-title":"Predictors of neonatal sepsis in developing countries","volume":"22","author":"MW Weber","year":"2003","journal-title":"The Pediatric infectious disease journal"},{"key":"pmed.1002951.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.88.5.438","article-title":"Causes and outcome of young infant admissions to a Kenyan district hospital","volume":"88","author":"M English","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"issue":"1","key":"pmed.1002951.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1179\/2046905514Y.0000000153","article-title":"Which clinical signs predict hypoxaemia in young Senegalese children with acute lower respiratory tract disease?","volume":"35","author":"G Wandeler","year":"2015","journal-title":"Paediatr Int Child Health"},{"key":"pmed.1002951.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.4103\/0972-5229.154549","article-title":"Prevalence of hypoxemia in under-five children with pneumonia in an emergency pediatrics hospital in Sudan","volume":"19","author":"ET Salah","year":"2015","journal-title":"Indian Journal of Critical Care Medicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"pmed.1002951.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1186\/s13063-017-2241-8","article-title":"Improving oxygen therapy for children and neonates in secondary hospitals in Nigeria: study protocol for a stepped-wedge cluster randomised trial","volume":"18","author":"HR Graham","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trials"},{"key":"pmed.1002951.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e000812","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2018-000812","article-title":"Adoption of paediatric and neonatal pulse oximetry by 12 hospitals in Nigeria: a mixed-methods realist evaluation","volume":"3","author":"HR Graham","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMJ global health"},{"key":"pmed.1002951.ref029","article-title":"Providing oxygen to children and newborns: a multi-faceted technical and clinical assessment of oxygen access and oxygen use in secondary-level hospitals in southwest Nigeria","author":"AA Bakare","year":"2019","journal-title":"International health"},{"key":"pmed.1002951.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1179\/146532808X270716","article-title":"Implementing an oxygen programme in hospitals in Papua New Guinea","volume":"28","author":"S Matai","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann Trop Paediatr"},{"key":"pmed.1002951.ref031","volume-title":"Oxygen systems in health facilities with limited resources: A Trial in Papua New Guinea","author":"R Subhi","year":"2008"},{"key":"pmed.1002951.ref032","volume-title":"Oxygen therapy for children","author":"WHO","year":"2016"},{"key":"pmed.1002951.ref033","volume-title":"WHO Medical Device Technical Series","author":"WHO","year":"2015"},{"key":"pmed.1002951.ref034","volume-title":"Pocket Book of Hospital care for children: guidelines for the management of common childhood illnessesWorld Health Organization","author":"WHO","year":"2013"},{"key":"pmed.1002951.ref035","volume-title":"Instructional Design Theories and Models: Building a Common Knowledge Base. III","author":"MD Merrill","year":"2009"},{"key":"pmed.1002951.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1186\/1748-5908-6-42","article-title":"The behaviour change wheel: a new method for characterising and designing behaviour change interventions","volume":"6","author":"S Michie","year":"2011","journal-title":"Implement Sci"},{"issue":"37","key":"pmed.1002951.ref037","article-title":"Validation of the theoretical domains framework for use in behaviour change and implementation research","volume":"7","author":"J Cane","year":"2012","journal-title":"Implement Sci"},{"key":"pmed.1002951.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1186\/s13012-015-0209-1","article-title":"A refined compilation of implementation strategies: results from the Expert Recommendations for Implementing Change (ERIC) project","volume":"10","author":"BJ Powell","year":"2015","journal-title":"Implement Sci"},{"key":"pmed.1002951.ref039","volume-title":"Social foundations of thought and action: A social cognitive theory","author":"A Bandura","year":"1986"},{"key":"pmed.1002951.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cct.2006.05.007","article-title":"Design and analysis of stepped wedge cluster randomized trials","volume":"28","author":"MA Hussey","year":"2007","journal-title":"Contemporary Clinical Trials"},{"issue":"2","key":"pmed.1002951.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1177\/1536867X1401400208","article-title":"A menu-driven facility for power and detectable-difference calculations in stepped-wedge cluster-randomized trials","volume":"14","author":"K Hemming","year":"2014","journal-title":"The Stata Journal"},{"key":"pmed.1002951.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1186\/1745-6215-12-151","article-title":"Intracluster correlation coefficients and coefficients of variation for perinatal outcomes from five cluster-randomised controlled trials in low and middle-income countries: results and methodological implications","volume":"12","author":"C Pagel","year":"2011","journal-title":"Trials"},{"key":"pmed.1002951.ref043","first-page":"h391","article-title":"The stepped wedge cluster randomised trial: rationale, design, analysis, and reporting","volume":"350","author":"K Hemming","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMJ Case Reports"},{"key":"pmed.1002951.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1186\/s13063-015-0838-3","article-title":"Analysis and reporting of stepped wedge randomised controlled trials: synthesis and critical appraisal of published studies, 2010 to 2014","volume":"16","author":"C Davey","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trials"},{"issue":"1","key":"pmed.1002951.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1186\/s13063-017-1833-7","article-title":"Analysis of cluster randomised stepped wedge trials with repeated cross-sectional samples","volume":"18","author":"K Hemming","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trials"},{"issue":"1","key":"pmed.1002951.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1186\/s12960-018-0322-8","article-title":"Healthcare workers' industrial action in Nigeria: a cross-sectional survey of Nigerian physicians","volume":"16","author":"OO Oleribe","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hum Resour Health"},{"key":"pmed.1002951.ref047","first-page":"511","article-title":"Hypoxaemia in children with severe pneumonia in Papua New Guinea","volume":"5","author":"T Duke","year":"2001","journal-title":"The international journal of tuberculosis and lung disease : the official journal of the International Union against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease"},{"issue":"7","key":"pmed.1002951.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e102955","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0102955","article-title":"Reducing Deaths from Severe Pneumonia in Children in Malawi by Improving Delivery of Pneumonia Case Management","volume":"9","author":"PM Enarson","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"pmed.1002951.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A114","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2015-308599.253","article-title":"Effect of solar panels on in-patient paediatric mortality in a district hospital in Sierra Leone","volume":"100","author":"B Morrissey","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"key":"pmed.1002951.ref050","first-page":"143","article-title":"Oxygen Use in Neonatal Care: A Two-edged Sword","volume":"4","author":"S Perrone","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front Pediatr"},{"issue":"21","key":"pmed.1002951.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2190","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2018.5725","article-title":"Association Between Oxygen Saturation Targeting and Death or Disability in Extremely Preterm Infants in the Neonatal Oxygenation Prospective Meta-analysis Collaboration","volume":"319","author":"LM Askie","year":"2018","journal-title":"Jama"},{"issue":"1","key":"pmed.1002951.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/s12961-017-0172-1","article-title":"What do we think we are doing? How might a clinical information network be promoting implementation of recommended paediatric care practices in Kenyan hospitals?","volume":"15","author":"M English","year":"2017","journal-title":"Health Res Policy Syst"},{"key":"pmed.1002951.ref053","volume-title":"National Strategy for the Scale-up of Medical Oxygen in Health Facilities 2017\u20132022","author":"Nigeria FMoH","year":"2017"},{"key":"pmed.1002951.ref054","volume-title":"National Medical Oxygen and Pulse Oximetry Scale Up Road Map (2016-2020\/21)","author":"Ethiopia FMoH","year":"2016"},{"key":"pmed.1002951.ref055","volume-title":"National Policy on Medical Oxygen in Health Facilities","author":"Nigeria FMoH","year":"2017"}],"container-title":["PLOS Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002951","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,11]],"date-time":"2019-11-11T13:23:43Z","timestamp":1573478623000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002951"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Brian","family":"Greenwood","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,11]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,11]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002951","relation":{},"ISSN":["1549-1676"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1549-1676","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,11]]}}}