{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T16:33:32Z","timestamp":1788280412836,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,5]],"date-time":"2020-06-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1591315200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["KL2 TR002385"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KL2 TR002385"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosmedicine.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Med"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1003108","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,5]],"date-time":"2020-06-05T17:28:39Z","timestamp":1591378119000},"page":"e1003108","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pmed.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Chronic pain diagnosis in refugee torture survivors: A\u00a0prospective, blinded\u00a0diagnostic accuracy study"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9069-6918","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Gunisha","family":"Kaur","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roniel","family":"Weinberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2149-2262","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Andrew Robert","family":"Milewski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samantha","family":"Huynh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2870-7377","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Mauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6043-5482","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Hugh Carroll","family":"Hemmings","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9212-5526","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kane Owen","family":"Pryor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"pmed.1003108.ref001","volume-title":"Global trends: forced displacement in 2018","author":"United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees","year":"2019"},{"key":"pmed.1003108.ref002","volume-title":"Updating the estimate of refugees resettled in the United States who have suffered torture","author":"C. Higson-Smith","year":"2015"},{"key":"pmed.1003108.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp048141","article-title":"Surviving torture","volume":"351","author":"RF Mollica","year":"2004","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"pmed.1003108.ref004","volume-title":"Evaluation of litigants pertaining to writ petition (Crl.) no. 447\/95 Committee for Information and Initiative on Punjab v. State of Punjab","author":"B Rosenfeld","year":"2005"},{"issue":"5","key":"pmed.1003108.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpainsymman.2010.02.018","article-title":"Persistent pain in survivors of torture: a cohort study","volume":"40","author":"ACDC Williams","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Pain Symptom Manage"},{"issue":"18","key":"pmed.1003108.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2725","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1988.03720180051032","article-title":"The physical and psychological sequelae of torture: symptomatology and diagnosis","volume":"259","author":"AE Goldfeld","year":"1988","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"9243","key":"pmed.1003108.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1763","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)03218-9","article-title":"Torture and trauma in postconflict East Timor","volume":"356","author":"J Modvig","year":"2000","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"pmed.1003108.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2009.1132","article-title":"Association of torture and other potentially traumatic events with mental health outcomes among populations exposed to mass conflict and displacement: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"302","author":"Z Steel","year":"2009","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"pmed.1003108.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2007.10.001","article-title":"Pain from torture","volume":"133","author":"AC Williams","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"pmed.1003108.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1341","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198211183072112","article-title":"Cerebral atrophy in young torture victims","volume":"307","author":"TS Jensen","year":"1982","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"pmed.1003108.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.sc.3101284","article-title":"Torture and its neurological sequelae","volume":"40","author":"A Moreno","year":"2002","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"issue":"2","key":"pmed.1003108.ref012","first-page":"010303","article-title":"Chronic pain in refugee torture survivors","volume":"7","author":"G. Kaur","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Glob Health"},{"key":"pmed.1003108.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1996.03540050035020","article-title":"Long-term health outcomes and medical effects of torture among US Navy prisoners of war in Vietnam","volume":"276","author":"DS Nice","year":"1996","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"pmed.1003108.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2013.8788","article-title":"Primary care management of non-English speaking refugees who have experienced trauma: a clinical review","volume":"310","author":"SS Crosby","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"pmed.1003108.ref015","volume-title":"Istanbul protocol: manual on effective investigation and documentation of torture and other cruel, inhumane or degrading treatment or punishment","author":"Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees","year":"2004"},{"key":"pmed.1003108.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1117","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(99)08381-6","article-title":"The Istanbul Protocol: international standards for the effective investigation and documentation of torture and ill treatment","volume":"354","author":"V Iacopino","year":"1999","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"5","key":"pmed.1003108.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.282.5.433","article-title":"Disability associated with psychiatric comorbidity and health status in Bosnian refugees living in Croatia","volume":"282","author":"RF Mollica","year":"1999","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"9266","key":"pmed.1003108.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1436","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)04575-X","article-title":"Detention of asylum seekers: assault on health, human rights, and social development","volume":"357","author":"D Silove","year":"2001","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"7","key":"pmed.1003108.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0131483","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0131483","article-title":"Effect of restricting access to health care on health expenditures among asylum-seekers and refugees: a quasi-experimental study in Germany, 1994\u20132013","volume":"10","author":"K Bozorgmehr","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"pmed.1003108.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2800","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1986.03370200102038","article-title":"Declaration of Tokyo","volume":"255","year":"1986","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"pmed.1003108.ref021","first-page":"309","article-title":"Evaluating the impact of student-run asylum clinics in the US from 2016\u20132018","volume":"21","author":"MB Sharp","year":"2019","journal-title":"Health Hum Rights"},{"key":"pmed.1003108.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2003.12.005","article-title":"Validation of the Brief Pain Inventory for chronic nonmalignant pain","volume":"5","author":"G Tan","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Pain"},{"key":"pmed.1003108.ref023","unstructured":"MD Anderson Cancer Center. The Brief Pain Inventory. Houston (TX): MD Anderson Cancer Center [cited 2020 May 6]. Available: https:\/\/www.mdanderson.org\/research\/departments-labs-institutes\/departments-divisions\/symptom-research\/symptom-assessment-tools\/brief-pain-inventory.html."},{"key":"pmed.1003108.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"720","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpainsymman.2006.09.031","article-title":"Validation of the French version of the Brief Pain Inventory in Canadian veterans suffering from traumatic stress","volume":"33","author":"J Poundja","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Pain Symptom Manage"},{"key":"pmed.1003108.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3959(94)00178-H","article-title":"When is cancer pain mild, moderate or severe? Grading pain severity by its interference with function","volume":"61","author":"RC Serlin","year":"1995","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"pmed.1003108.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(90)91814-Q","article-title":"Prevalence and sequelae of sexual torture","volume":"336","author":"I Lunde","year":"1990","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"pmed.1003108.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e30","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2012.301136","article-title":"Asylum seekers, violence and health: a systematic review of research in high-income host countries","volume":"103","author":"A Kalt","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"pmed.1003108.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.94.4.591","article-title":"Somali and Oromo refugees: correlates of torture and trauma history","volume":"94","author":"JM Jaranson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"pmed.1003108.ref029","first-page":"e1","article-title":"The socioeconomic burden of pain from war","author":"RM Gallagher","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"pmed.1003108.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1215","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.285.9.1215-JMS0307-5-1","article-title":"Human rights violations and refugee health","volume":"285","author":"A Moreno","year":"2001","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"pmed.1003108.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp058145","article-title":"Doctors and interrogators at Guantanamo Bay","volume":"353","author":"MG Bloche","year":"2005","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"pmed.1003108.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.294.5.602","article-title":"Predisplacement and postdisplacement factors associated with mental health of refugees and internally displaced persons: a meta-analysis","volume":"294","author":"M Porter","year":"2005","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"pmed.1003108.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.2217\/pmt.14.50","article-title":"Managing chronic pain in survivors of torture","volume":"5","author":"K Amris","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pain Manag"},{"key":"pmed.1003108.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2763","DOI":"10.1589\/jpts.27.2763","article-title":"Effects of complex manual therapy on PTSD, pain, function, and balance of male torture survivors with chronic low back pain","volume":"27","author":"HJ Kim","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Phys Ther Sci"},{"key":"pmed.1003108.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1532-2149.2013.00394.x","article-title":"The long-term impact of tissue injury on pain processing and modulation: a study on ex-prisoners of war who underwent torture","volume":"18","author":"R Defrin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur J Pain"},{"key":"pmed.1003108.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.280.5.443","article-title":"Impact of torture on refugees displaced within the developing world","volume":"280","author":"NM Shrestha","year":"1998","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"pmed.1003108.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1080","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.75.9.1080","article-title":"An exploration of somatization among Asian refugees and immigrants in primary care","volume":"75","author":"EH Lin","year":"1985","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"pmed.1003108.ref038","first-page":"77","article-title":"Asylum seekers in Denmark: a study of health status and grade of traumatization of newly arrived asylum seekers","volume":"18","author":"TN Masmas","year":"2008","journal-title":"Torture"},{"key":"pmed.1003108.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197808172990710","article-title":"Sounding board violations of human rights: torture and the medical profession","volume":"299","author":"A. Gellhorn","year":"1978","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"pmed.1003108.ref040","first-page":"143","article-title":"Screening for torture: a narrative checklist comparing legal definitions in a torture treatment clinic","volume":"219","author":"A Rasmussen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Z Psychol"}],"container-title":["PLOS Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pmed.1003108","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,5]],"date-time":"2020-06-05T17:28:55Z","timestamp":1591378135000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pmed.1003108"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Paul","family":"Spiegel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,5]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,5]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pmed.1003108","relation":{},"ISSN":["1549-1676"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1549-1676","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,5]]}}}