{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T00:38:11Z","timestamp":1792802291387,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,21]],"date-time":"2021-01-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1611187200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100013279","name":"Joint Programming Initiative A healthy diet for a healthy life","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["696295"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["696295"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100013279","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001602","name":"Science Foundation Ireland","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SFI\/16\/ERA-HDHL\/3360"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFI\/16\/ERA-HDHL\/3360"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001602","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000268","name":"Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BB\/P028179\/1 and BB\/P028187\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BB\/P028179\/1 and BB\/P028187\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000268","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005632","name":"National Centre for Research and Development","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["ERA-HDHL\/01\/ALPHABET\/1\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ERA-HDHL\/01\/ALPHABET\/1\/2017"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005632","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"the ZonMW The Netherlands","award":["no 529051014; 2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["no 529051014; 2017"]}]},{"name":"French National Agency of Research","award":["reference AnrR16227KK"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["reference AnrR16227KK"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00rbzpz17","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosmedicine.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Med"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Adverse birth outcomes are major causes of morbidity and mortality during childhood and associate with a higher risk of noncommunicable diseases in adult life. Maternal periconception and antenatal nutrition, mostly focusing on single nutrients or foods, has been shown to influence infant birth outcomes. However, evidence on whole diet that considers complex nutrient and food interaction is rare and conflicting. We aim to elucidate the influence of whole-diet maternal dietary inflammatory potential and quality during periconceptional and antenatal periods on birth outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods and findings<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We harmonized and pooled individual participant data (IPD) from up to 24,861 mother\u2013child pairs in 7 European mother\u2013offspring cohorts [cohort name, country (recruitment dates): ALSPAC, UK (1 April 1991 to 31 December 1992); EDEN, France (27 January 2003 to 6 March 2006); Generation R, the Netherlands (1 April 2002 to 31 January 2006); Lifeways, Ireland (2 October 2001 to 4 April 2003); REPRO_PL, Poland (18 September 2007 to 16 December 2011); ROLO, Ireland (1 January 2007 to 1 January 2011); SWS, United Kingdom (6 April 1998 to 17 December 2002)]. Maternal diets were assessed preconceptionally (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 2 cohorts) and antenatally (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 7 cohorts). Maternal dietary inflammatory potential and quality were ranked using the energy-adjusted Dietary Inflammatory Index (E-DII) and Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) index, respectively. Primary outcomes were birth weight and gestational age at birth. Adverse birth outcomes, i.e., low birth weight (LBW), macrosomia, small-for-gestational-age (SGA), large-for-gestational-age (LGA), preterm and postterm births were defined according to standard clinical cutoffs. Associations of maternal E-DII and DASH scores with infant birth outcomes were assessed using cohort-specific multivariable regression analyses (adjusted for confounders including maternal education, ethnicity, prepregnancy body mass index (BMI), maternal height, parity, cigarettes smoking, and alcohol consumption), with subsequent random-effects meta-analyses.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Overall, the study mothers had a mean \u00b1 SD age of 29.5 \u00b1 4.9 y at delivery and a mean BMI of 23.3 \u00b1 4.2 kg\/m\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      . Higher pregnancy DASH score (higher dietary quality) was associated with higher birth weight [\u03b2(95% CI) = 18.5(5.7, 31.3) g per 1-SD higher DASH score;\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      value = 0.005] and head circumference [0.03(0.01, 0.06) cm;\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      value = 0.004], longer birth length [0.05(0.01, 0.10) cm;\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      value = 0.010], and lower risk of delivering LBW [odds ratio (OR) (95% CI) = 0.89(0.82, 0.95);\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      value = 0.001] and SGA [0.87(0.82, 0.94);\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      value &lt; 0.001] infants. Higher maternal prepregnancy E-DII score (more pro-inflammatory diet) was associated with lower birth weight [\u03b2(95% CI) = \u221218.7(\u221234.8, \u22122.6) g per 1-SD higher E-DII score;\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      value = 0.023] and shorter birth length [\u22120.07(\u22120.14, \u22120.01) cm;\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      value = 0.031], whereas higher pregnancy E-DII score was associated with a shorter birth length [\u22120.06(\u22120.10, \u22120.01) cm;\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      value = 0.026] and higher risk of SGA [OR(95% CI) = 1.18(1.11, 1.26);\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      value &lt; 0.001]. In male, but not female, infants higher maternal prepregnancy E-DII was associated with lower birth weight and head circumference, shorter birth length, and higher risk of SGA (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      -for-sex-interaction = 0.029, 0.059, 0.104, and 0.075, respectively). No consistent associations were observed for maternal E-DII and DASH scores with gestational age, preterm and postterm birth, or macrosomia and LGA. Limitations of this study were that self-reported dietary data might have increased nondifferential measurement error and that causality cannot be claimed definitely with observational design.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this cohort study, we observed that maternal diet that is of low quality and high inflammatory potential is associated with lower offspring birth size and higher risk of offspring being born SGA in this multicenter meta-analysis using harmonized IPD. Improving overall maternal dietary pattern based on predefined criteria may optimize fetal growth and avert substantial healthcare burden associated with adverse birth outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1003491","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,21]],"date-time":"2021-01-21T13:22:37Z","timestamp":1611235357000},"page":"e1003491","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pmed.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":70,"title":["Associations of maternal dietary inflammatory potential and quality with offspring birth outcomes: An individual participant data pooled analysis of 7 European cohorts in the ALPHABET consortium"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2661-8752","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ling-Wei","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adrien M.","family":"Aubert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0441-8896","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Nitin","family":"Shivappa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6418-983X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jonathan Y.","family":"Bernard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5381-6287","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sara M.","family":"Mensink-Bout","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0861-7630","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Aisling A.","family":"Geraghty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4229-3599","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"John","family":"Mehegan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2715-9930","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Matthew","family":"Suderman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3212-2307","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kinga","family":"Polanska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7162-2569","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Wojciech","family":"Hanke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1937-0090","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Elzbieta","family":"Trafalska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caroline L.","family":"Relton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9524-1127","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sarah R.","family":"Crozier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8194-2512","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Nicholas C.","family":"Harvey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3510-0709","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Cyrus","family":"Cooper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6731-9452","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Liesbeth","family":"Duijts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1565-1629","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Barbara","family":"Heude","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0677-2672","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"James R.","family":"H\u00e9bert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fionnuala M.","family":"McAuliffe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9548-4914","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Cecily C.","family":"Kelleher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4916-4463","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Catherine M.","family":"Phillips","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"pmed.1003491.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-0528.2003.00013.x","article-title":"Economic consequences of preterm birth and low birthweight","volume":"110","author":"S Petrou","year":"2003","journal-title":"BJOG An Int J Obstet Gynaecol"},{"key":"pmed.1003491.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-016-0389-2","article-title":"Low birth weight leads to obesity, diabetes and increased leptin levels in adults: the CoLaus study","volume":"15","author":"FR Jornayvaz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"key":"pmed.1003491.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2009.131","article-title":"Fetal macrosomia and adolescence obesity: results from a longitudinal cohort study","volume":"33","author":"Y Wang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int J Obes (Lond)"},{"key":"pmed.1003491.ref004","first-page":"175","article-title":"Postterm pregnancy","volume":"4","author":"M Galal","year":"2012","journal-title":"Facts, views Vis ObGyn"},{"key":"pmed.1003491.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2162","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)60820-4","article-title":"National, regional, and worldwide estimates of preterm birth rates in the year 2010 with time trends since 1990 for selected countries: a systematic analysis and implications","volume":"379","author":"H Blencowe","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"pmed.1003491.ref006","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2014","journal-title":"WHA Global Nutrition Targets 2025: Low Birth Weight Policy Brief"},{"key":"pmed.1003491.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20180116","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2018.0116","article-title":"Early life programming in mice by maternal overnutrition: mechanistic insights and interventional approaches","volume":"374","author":"LM Nicholas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Philos Trans R Soc B Biol Sci"},{"key":"pmed.1003491.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1874","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.110.121293","article-title":"Early life exposure to the 1959\u20131961 Chinese famine has long-term health consequences","volume":"140","author":"C Huang","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"pmed.1003491.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1136\/heart.84.6.595","article-title":"Coronary heart disease after prenatal exposure to the Dutch famine, 1944\u201345","volume":"84","author":"TJ Roseboom","year":"2000","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"pmed.1003491.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1139","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.113.082222","article-title":"Maternal protein intake during pregnancy and offspring overweight 20 y later","volume":"100","author":"E Maslova","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"pmed.1003491.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.116.148270","article-title":"Associations of maternal macronutrient intake during pregnancy with infant BMI peak characteristics and childhood BMI","volume":"105","author":"L-W Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"pmed.1003491.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-8223(96)00217-9","article-title":"Indexes of Overall Diet Quality: A Review","volume":"96","author":"AK Kant","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Am Diet Assoc"},{"key":"pmed.1003491.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1097\/00041433-200202000-00002","article-title":"Dietary pattern analysis: a new direction in nutritional epidemiology","volume":"13","author":"FB Hu","year":"2002","journal-title":"Curr Opin Lipidol"},{"key":"pmed.1003491.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.115.110213","article-title":"Dietary patterns: from nutritional epidemiologic analysis to national guidelines","volume":"101","author":"EM Cespedes","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"pmed.1003491.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jri.2007.06.051","article-title":"Maternal plasma cytokines in early- and mid-gestation of normal human pregnancy and their association with maternal factors","volume":"77","author":"AE Curry","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Reprod Immunol"},{"key":"pmed.1003491.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1111\/aji.12265","article-title":"Longitudinal Profiling of Inflammatory Cytokines and C-reactive Protein during Uncomplicated and Preterm Pregnancy","volume":"72","author":"KK Ferguson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Reprod Immunol"},{"key":"pmed.1003491.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1042\/CS20150702","article-title":"The role of inflammation in the pathology of preeclampsia","volume":"130","author":"AC Harmon","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Sci (Lond)"},{"key":"pmed.1003491.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114515002093","article-title":"Low-grade inflammation, diet composition and health: current research evidence and its translation","volume":"114","author":"AM Minihane","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br J Nutr"},{"key":"pmed.1003491.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1873","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11081873","article-title":"Dietary Inflammatory Index and Non-Communicable Disease Risk: A Narrative Review","volume":"11","author":"CM Phillips","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"pmed.1003491.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729S","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqy353","article-title":"Dietary patterns before and during pregnancy and birth outcomes: a systematic review","volume":"109","author":"R Raghavan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"pmed.1003491.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1093\/advances\/nmy123","article-title":"Maternal Dietary Patterns and Birth Outcomes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"10","author":"A-R Chia","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv Nutr"},{"key":"pmed.1003491.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-006-9022-0","article-title":"The Generation R Study: Design and cohort profile","volume":"21","author":"VWV Jaddoe","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur J Epidemiol"},{"key":"pmed.1003491.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2478\/v10001-009-0037-0","article-title":"Polish mother and child cohort study\u2014defining the problem, the aim of the study and methodological assumptions","volume":"22","author":"K Pola\u0144ska","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int J Occup Med Environ Health"},{"key":"pmed.1003491.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyv151","article-title":"Cohort Profile: The EDEN mother-child cohort on the prenatal and early postnatal determinants of child health and development","volume":"45","author":"B Heude","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"suppl","key":"pmed.1003491.ref025","first-page":"3","article-title":"The Lifeways Cross-Generation Study: design, recruitment and data management considerations","volume":"100","author":"D O\u2019Mahony","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ir Med J"},{"key":"pmed.1003491.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dys066","article-title":"Cohort Profile: The Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children: ALSPAC mothers cohort","volume":"42","author":"A Fraser","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"pmed.1003491.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyi202","article-title":"Cohort profile: The Southampton Women\u2019s Survey","volume":"35","author":"HM Inskip","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"pmed.1003491.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e5605","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.e5605","article-title":"Low glycaemic index diet in pregnancy to prevent macrosomia (ROLO study): Randomised control trial","volume":"345","author":"JM Walsh","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"pmed.1003491.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1243","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-016-0224-9","article-title":"The Generation R Study: design and cohort update 2017","volume":"31","author":"MN Kooijman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur J Epidemiol"},{"key":"pmed.1003491.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dys064","article-title":"Cohort profile: The \u2018Children of the 90s\u2019-The index offspring of the avon longitudinal study of parents and children","volume":"42","author":"A Boyd","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"pmed.1003491.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ejcn.1602914","article-title":"Reproducibility and relative validity of a food-frequency questionnaire among French adults and adolescents","volume":"63","author":"V Deschamps","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"pmed.1003491.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ejcn.1600611","article-title":"Dietary assessment in the elderly: validation of a semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire","volume":"52","author":"K Klipstein-Grobusch","year":"1998","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"pmed.1003491.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1038\/ejcn.2013.76","article-title":"Maternal macronutrient intake during pregnancy and 5 years postpartum and associations with child weight status aged five","volume":"67","author":"C Murrin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"pmed.1003491.ref034","unstructured":"Harrington J. Validation of a Food Frequency Questionnaire as a tool for assessing nutrient intake (MA Thesis). National University of Ireland Galway, Galway; 1997."},{"key":"pmed.1003491.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1038\/ejcn.2013.212","article-title":"Well-being in pregnancy: an examination of the effect of socioeconomic, dietary and lifestyle factors including impact of a low glycaemic index dietary intervention","volume":"68","author":"MK Horan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"pmed.1003491.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ejcn.1600543","article-title":"Diet during pregnancy in a population of pregnant women in South West England","volume":"52","author":"I Rogers","year":"1998","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"pmed.1003491.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16050754","article-title":"Sociodemographic, lifestyle, environmental and pregnancy-related determinants of dietary patterns during pregnancy","volume":"16","author":"E Weso\u0142owska","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"pmed.1003491.ref038","first-page":"302","article-title":"Evaluation of a food frequency questionnaire used to assess nutrient intakes in pregnant women","volume":"50","author":"S Robinson","year":"1996","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"pmed.1003491.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1689","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980013002115","article-title":"Designing and developing a literature-derived, population-based dietary inflammatory index","volume":"17","author":"N Shivappa","year":"2014","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr"},{"key":"pmed.1003491.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2706","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11112706","article-title":"Deriving the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) Score in Women from Seven Pregnancy Cohorts from the European ALPHABET Consortium","volume":"11","author":"AM Aubert","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"pmed.1003491.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.168.7.713","article-title":"Adherence to a DASH-Style Diet and Risk of Coronary Heart Disease and Stroke in Women","volume":"168","author":"TT Fung","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"pmed.1003491.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"794","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.113.063602","article-title":"Comparison of 4 established DASH diet indexes: examining associations of index scores and colorectal cancer","volume":"98","author":"PE Miller","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"pmed.1003491.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2016.08.003","article-title":"Macrosomia","volume":"38","author":"E Araujo J\u00fanior","year":"2017","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol"},{"key":"pmed.1003491.ref044","volume-title":"Low Birthweight: Country, regional and global estimates","author":"United Nations Children\u2019s Fund and World Health Organization","year":"2004"},{"key":"pmed.1003491.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)60932-6","article-title":"International standards for newborn weight, length, and head circumference by gestational age and sex: The Newborn Cross-Sectional Study of the INTERGROWTH-21st Project","volume":"384","author":"J Villar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"pmed.1003491.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)00384-6","article-title":"INTERGROWTH-21st very preterm size at birth reference charts","author":"J Villar","year":"2016","journal-title":"The Lancet. Elsevier"},{"key":"pmed.1003491.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1566","DOI":"10.1001\/archinternmed.2012.3747","article-title":"Healthful dietary patterns and type 2 diabetes mellitus risk among women with a history of gestational diabetes mellitus","volume":"172","author":"DK Tobias","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"pmed.1003491.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1564","DOI":"10.2337\/dc11-0135","article-title":"Gestational diabetes mellitus in relation to maternal dietary heme iron and nonheme iron intake","volume":"34","author":"C Qiu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"pmed.1003491.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/0197-2456(86)90046-2","article-title":"Meta-analysis in clinical trials","volume":"7","author":"R DerSimonian","year":"1986","journal-title":"Control Clin Trials"},{"key":"pmed.1003491.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.327.7414.557","article-title":"Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses","volume":"327","author":"JPT Higgins","year":"2003","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"pmed.1003491.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1539","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.1186","article-title":"Quantifying heterogeneity in a meta-analysis","volume":"21","author":"JPT Higgins","year":"2002","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"key":"pmed.1003491.ref052","volume-title":"Stata Multiple-Imputation Reference Manual Release 13","author":"StataCorp","year":"2013"},{"key":"pmed.1003491.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.115.225581","article-title":"Dietary Inflammatory Potential during Pregnancy Is Associated with Lower Fetal Growth and Breastfeeding Failure: Results from Project Viva","volume":"146","author":"S Sen","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"pmed.1003491.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2017.10.030","article-title":"Proinflammatory Diets during Pregnancy and Neonatal Adiposity in the Healthy Start Study","volume":"195","author":"BF Moore","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"pmed.1003491.ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1080\/15592294.2017.1347241","article-title":"Maternal inflammatory diet and adverse pregnancy outcomes: Circulating cytokines and genomic imprinting as potential regulators?","volume":"12","author":"LE McCullough","year":"2017","journal-title":"Epigenetics"},{"key":"pmed.1003491.ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2010.05938.x","article-title":"Inflammation and pregnancy: the role of the immune system at the implantation site","volume":"1221","author":"G Mor","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"pmed.1003491.ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1111\/aji.12303","article-title":"Fetal sex-based differences in maternal hormones, angiogenic factors, and immune mediators during pregnancy and the postpartum period","volume":"73","author":"EAL Enninga","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Reprod Immunol"},{"key":"pmed.1003491.ref058","article-title":"Fetal sex and maternal pregnancy outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis","author":"ZA Broere-Brown","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biology of Sex Differences. BioMed Central Ltd."},{"key":"pmed.1003491.ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.2008.074542","article-title":"Maternal glucose tolerance status influences the risk of macrosomia in male but not in female fetuses","volume":"63","author":"W Ricart","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Community Health"},{"key":"pmed.1003491.ref060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1093\/advances\/nmy071","article-title":"Perspective: The Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII)-Lessons Learned, Improvements Made, and Future Directions","volume":"10","author":"JR H\u00e9bert","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv Nutr"}],"container-title":["PLOS Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pmed.1003491","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,21]],"date-time":"2021-01-21T13:23:18Z","timestamp":1611235398000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pmed.1003491"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Sarah J.","family":"Stock","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,21]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,21]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pmed.1003491","relation":{},"ISSN":["1549-1676"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1549-1676","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,21]]}}}