{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T15:04:52Z","timestamp":1789139092065,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,26]],"date-time":"2021-05-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1621987200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100017511","name":"Metro North Hospital and Health Service","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["HIRF Seed Funding Grant"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HIRF Seed Funding Grant"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100017511","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"National Health and Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1135955"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1135955"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"National Health and Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1037304"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1037304"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"National Health and Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1132975"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1132975"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"National Health and Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1135820"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1135820"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"National Health and Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1098334"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1098334"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["OPP1111147"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OPP1111147"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosmedicine.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Med"],"abstract":"\nBackground<\/jats:title>\nPlasmodium vivax<\/jats:italic> has been proposed to infect and replicate in the human spleen and bone marrow. Compared to Plasmodium falciparum<\/jats:italic>, which is known to undergo microvascular tissue sequestration, little is known about the behavior of P<\/jats:italic>. vivax<\/jats:italic> outside of the circulating compartment. This may be due in part to difficulties in studying parasite location and activity in life.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n\nMethods and findings<\/jats:title>\nTo identify organ-specific changes during the early stages of P<\/jats:italic>. vivax<\/jats:italic> infection, we performed 18-F fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography\/magnetic resonance imaging (PET\/MRI) at baseline and just prior to onset of clinical illness in P<\/jats:italic>. vivax<\/jats:italic> experimentally induced blood-stage malaria (IBSM) and compared findings to P<\/jats:italic>. falciparum<\/jats:italic> IBSM. Seven healthy, malaria-naive participants were enrolled from 3 IBSM trials: NCT02867059, ACTRN12616000174482, and ACTRN12619001085167. Imaging took place between 2016 and 2019 at the Herston Imaging Research Facility, Australia. Postinoculation imaging was performed after a median of 9 days in both species (n<\/jats:italic> = 3 P<\/jats:italic>. vivax<\/jats:italic>; n<\/jats:italic> = 4 P<\/jats:italic>. falciparum<\/jats:italic>). All participants were aged between 19 and 23 years, and 6\/7 were male. Splenic volume (P<\/jats:italic>. vivax<\/jats:italic>: +28.8% [confidence interval (CI) +10.3% to +57.3%], P<\/jats:italic>. falciparum<\/jats:italic>: +22.9 [CI \u221215.3% to +61.1%]) and radiotracer uptake (P<\/jats:italic>. vivax<\/jats:italic>: +15.5% [CI \u22120.7% to +31.7%], P<\/jats:italic>. falciparum<\/jats:italic>: +5.5% [CI +1.4% to +9.6%]) increased following infection with each species, but more so in P<\/jats:italic>. vivax<\/jats:italic> infection (volume: p<\/jats:italic> = 0.72, radiotracer uptake: p<\/jats:italic> = 0.036). There was no change in FDG uptake in the bone marrow (P<\/jats:italic>. vivax<\/jats:italic>: +4.6% [CI \u221215.9% to +25.0%], P<\/jats:italic>. falciparum<\/jats:italic>: +3.2% [CI \u22123.2% to +9.6%]) or liver (P<\/jats:italic>. vivax<\/jats:italic>: +6.2% [CI \u22128.7% to +21.1%], P<\/jats:italic>. falciparum<\/jats:italic>: \u22121.4% [CI \u22124.6% to +1.8%]) following infection with either species. In participants with P<\/jats:italic>. vivax<\/jats:italic>, hemoglobin, hematocrit, and platelet count decreased from baseline at the time of postinoculation imaging. Decrements in hemoglobin and hematocrit were significantly greater in participants with P<\/jats:italic>. vivax<\/jats:italic> infection compared to P<\/jats:italic>. falciparum<\/jats:italic>. The main limitations of this study are the small sample size and the inability of this tracer to differentiate between host and parasite metabolic activity.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n\nConclusions<\/jats:title>\nPET\/MRI indicated greater splenic tropism and metabolic activity in early P<\/jats:italic>. vivax<\/jats:italic> infection compared to P<\/jats:italic>. falciparum<\/jats:italic>, supporting the hypothesis of splenic accumulation of P<\/jats:italic>. vivax<\/jats:italic> very early in infection. The absence of uptake in the bone marrow and liver suggests that, at least in early infection, these tissues do not harbor a large parasite biomass or do not provoke a prominent metabolic response. PET\/MRI is a safe and noninvasive method to evaluate infection-associated organ changes in morphology and glucose metabolism.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1003567","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,26]],"date-time":"2021-05-26T20:58:13Z","timestamp":1622062693000},"page":"e1003567","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pmed.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Positron emission tomography and magnetic resonance imaging in experimental human malaria to identify organ-specific changes in morphology and glucose metabolism: A prospective cohort 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