{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]],"date-time":"2026-06-12T00:04:59Z","timestamp":1781222699929,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,28]],"date-time":"2021-09-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1632787200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000278","name":"Department for International Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["40080602"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["40080602"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000278","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000278","name":"Department for International Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["40080602"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["40080602"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000278","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosmedicine.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Med"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Adolescent girls face myriad threats to their well-being and safety as a result of gender-inequitable attitudes and norms, and these risks are often exacerbated during humanitarian emergencies. While humanitarian actors have begun to address caregivers\u2019 behaviors and gender attitudes as an approach to support and meet the needs of adolescent girls, best practices for working with caregivers to improve adolescent girls\u2019 well-being in these settings have yet to be identified.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Methods and findings<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>This study uses panel data from a program evaluation to analyze associations between changes in gender-equitable attitudes among caregivers and changes in schooling and violence victimization for girls ages 10 to 14 years old in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). Participants were recruited in May 2015 for baseline (May to July 2015) and endline (August to October 2016) data collection. Baseline and endline data for both caregivers and girls were available for 732 girls. The average ages of adolescents and caregivers were 12 and 40.7, respectively, and 92% of caregivers were female. The predictor of interest was the change in caregivers\u2019 gender-equitable attitudes between the 2 points in time, where attitudes were measured using 10 underlying survey questions. The primary outcomes of interest were dichotomous and included improvement in schooling participation and declines in physical, sexual, and emotional violence and feeling uncared for. Logistic regression was used to estimate the association between changes in caregivers\u2019 attitudes and 5 outcomes of interest and revealed that an increase in a caregiver\u2019s gender-equitable attitude score was associated with significantly greater odds of a girl experiencing an improvement in schooling participation (aOR = 1.08, CI [1.005, 1.154], <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.036) and of a girl experiencing a marginal decline in physical violence victimization (aOR = 1.07, CI [0.989, 1.158], <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.092). Analyses also revealed that older girls had lower odds of experiencing an improvement in schooling participation (aOR = 0.77, CI [0.686, 0.861], <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.001), physical violence (aOR = 0.86, CI [0.757, 0.984], <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.028), sexual violence (aOR = 0.86, CI [0.743, 1.003], <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.055), or emotional violence (aOR = 0.98, CI [0.849, 1.105], <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.005). Important limitations in this study include the self-reported nature of outcomes, use of single questionnaire items to construct the outcome variables, and potential self-selection bias.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Results suggest that supporting caregivers to increase gender equitable attitudes may be associated with benefits in dual outcomes of education and safety for adolescent girls in eastern DRC. Further research is needed to better understand how to induce a shift in these attitudes in multisectoral programming.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n<jats:title>Trial registration<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p><jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/ct2\/show\/NCT02384642\" xlink:type=\"simple\">NCT02384642<\/jats:ext-link>.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1003619","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,28]],"date-time":"2021-09-28T17:35:35Z","timestamp":1632850535000},"page":"e1003619","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pmed.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Gender-equitable caregiver attitudes and education and safety of adolescent girls in South Kivu, DRC: A secondary analysis from a randomized controlled trial"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2569-995X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ilana","family":"Seff","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8254-3364","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kathryn","family":"Falb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8333-5222","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Gary","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8564-7940","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Debbie","family":"Landis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8775-9735","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Lindsay","family":"Stark","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"pmed.1003619.ref001","volume":"184","author":"GK Bantebya","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adolescent girls in the balance: Changes and continuity in social norms and practices around marriage and education in Uganda"},{"key":"pmed.1003619.ref002","article-title":"Bridging the gaps: a global review of intersections of violence against women and violence against children","author":"A Guedes","year":"2016","journal-title":"Glob Health Action"},{"key":"pmed.1003619.ref003","volume-title":"A statistical snapshot of violence against adolescent girls","author":"UNICEF","year":"2014"},{"key":"pmed.1003619.ref004","article-title":"Because I Am a Girl: The State of the World\u2019s Girls 2008: Special Focus: in the Shadow of War","author":"N Van der Gaag","year":"2011","journal-title":"Plan"},{"key":"pmed.1003619.ref005","unstructured":"Hidden in Plain Sight: A statistical analysis of violence against children [Internet]. 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