{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T22:51:11Z","timestamp":1790808671479,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,29]],"date-time":"2021-07-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1627516800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"national natural science foundation of china","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["91843302, 91846303, 81390540, 81390541, 81390544"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["91843302, 91846303, 81390540, 81390541, 81390544"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford","award":["NDPH Early Career Research Fellowship"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NDPH Early Career Research Fellowship"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005617","name":"BHF Centre of Research Excellence, Oxford","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RE\/18\/3\/24214"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RE\/18\/3\/24214"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005617","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013373","name":"NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013373","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"uk medical research council","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["MR\/P025080\/1MC_UU_00017\/1,MC_UU_12026\/2 MC_U137686851"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/P025080\/1MC_UU_00017\/1,MC_UU_12026\/2 MC_U137686851"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Kadoorie Charitable Foundation Hong Kong"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004440","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["212946\/Z\/18\/Z, 202922\/Z\/16\/Z, 104085\/Z\/14\/Z, 088158\/Z\/09\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["212946\/Z\/18\/Z, 202922\/Z\/16\/Z, 104085\/Z\/14\/Z, 088158\/Z\/09\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004440","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["2016YFC0900500, 2016YFC0900501, 2016YFC0900504, 2016YFC1303904"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016YFC0900500, 2016YFC0900501, 2016YFC0900504, 2016YFC1303904"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000289","name":"Cancer Research UK","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["C16077\/A29186; C500\/A16896"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["C16077\/A29186; C500\/A16896"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000289","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000274","name":"British Heart Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["CH\/1996001\/9454"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CH\/1996001\/9454"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000274","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosmedicine.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Med"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Over 3.5 billion individuals worldwide are exposed to household air pollution from solid fuel use. There is limited evidence from cohort studies on associations of solid fuel use with risks of major eye diseases, which cause substantial disease and economic burden globally.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Methods and findings<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The China Kadoorie Biobank recruited 512,715 adults aged 30 to 79 years from 10 areas across China during 2004 to 2008. Cooking frequency and primary fuel types in the 3 most recent residences were assessed by a questionnaire. During median (IQR) 10.1 (9.2 to 11.1) years of follow-up, electronic linkages to national health insurance databases identified 4,877 incident conjunctiva disorders, 13,408 cataracts, 1,583 disorders of sclera, cornea, iris, and ciliary body (DSCIC), and 1,534 cases of glaucoma. Logistic regression yielded odds ratios (ORs) for each disease associated with long-term use of solid fuels (i.e., coal or wood) compared to clean fuels (i.e., gas or electricity) for cooking, with adjustment for age at baseline, birth cohort, sex, study area, education, occupation, alcohol intake, smoking, environmental tobacco smoke, cookstove ventilation, heating fuel exposure, body mass index, prevalent diabetes, self-reported general health, and length of recall period.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p>After excluding participants with missing or unreliable exposure data, 486,532 participants (mean baseline age 52.0 [SD 10.7] years; 59.1% women) were analysed. Overall, 71% of participants cooked regularly throughout the recall period, of whom 48% used solid fuels consistently. Compared with clean fuel users, solid fuel users had adjusted ORs of 1.32 (1.07 to 1.37, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.001) for conjunctiva disorders, 1.17 (1.08 to 1.26, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.001) for cataracts, 1.35 (1.10 to 1.66, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.0046) for DSCIC, and 0.95 (0.76 to 1.18, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.62) for glaucoma. Switching from solid to clean fuels was associated with smaller elevated risks (over long-term clean fuel users) than nonswitching, with adjusted ORs of 1.21 (1.07 to 1.37, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.001), 1.05 (0.98 to 1.12, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.17), and 1.21 (0.97 to 1.50, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.088) for conjunctiva disorders, cataracts, and DSCIC, respectively. The adjusted ORs for the eye diseases were broadly similar in solid fuel users regardless of ventilation status. The main limitations of this study include the lack of baseline eye disease assessment, the use of self-reported cooking frequency and fuel types for exposure assessment, the risk of bias from delayed diagnosis (particularly for cataracts), and potential residual confounding from unmeasured factors (e.g., sunlight exposure).<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Among Chinese adults, long-term solid fuel use for cooking was associated with higher risks of not only conjunctiva disorders but also cataracts and other more severe eye diseases. Switching to clean fuels appeared to mitigate the risks, underscoring the global health importance of promoting universal access to clean fuels.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1003716","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,29]],"date-time":"2021-07-29T18:23:00Z","timestamp":1627582980000},"page":"e1003716","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pmed.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Long-term solid fuel use and risks of major eye diseases in China: A population-based cohort study of 486,532 adults"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7430-589X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ka Hung","family":"Chan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6723-8588","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mingshu","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Derrick A.","family":"Bennett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4254-1596","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yu","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4973-0296","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yiping","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5750-6588","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ling","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7916-3870","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jun","family":"Lv","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0019-0014","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Canqing","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pei","family":"Pei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1183-875X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yan","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5873-7089","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Liming","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9814-0049","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Huaidong","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1228-3362","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kin Bong Hubert","family":"Lam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhengming","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"on behalf of the China Kadoorie Biobank Study group","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"pmed.1003716.ref001","volume-title":"State of global air 2019","author":"Health Effect Institute","year":"2019"},{"issue":"1","key":"pmed.1003716.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1870","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-38803-4","article-title":"Investigating the Effects of Stove Emissions on Ocular and Cancer Cells","volume":"9","author":"BB Karakocak","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"pmed.1003716.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2017.03.010","article-title":"Effectiveness of interventions to reduce household air pollution and\/or improve health in homes using solid fuel in low-and-middle income countries: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"103","author":"R Quansah","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"issue":"11","key":"pmed.1003716.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5378","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph10115378","article-title":"Is household air pollution a risk factor for eye disease?","volume":"10","author":"SK West","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"issue":"12","key":"pmed.1003716.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1221","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(17)30393-5","article-title":"Global causes of blindness and distance vision impairment 1990\u20132020: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"5","author":"SR Flaxman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"pmed.1003716.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.17226\/23471","volume-title":"Making eye health a population health imperative: vision for tomorrow","author":"SM Teutsch","year":"2016"},{"issue":"10159","key":"pmed.1003716.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1923","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)32225-6","article-title":"Risk Factor Collaborators. Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 84 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks for 195 countries and territories, 1990\u20132017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017","volume":"392","author":"GBD 2017","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"pmed.1003716.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-publhealth-032013-182356","article-title":"Millions dead: how do we know and what does it mean? Methods used in the comparative risk assessment of household air pollution.","volume":"35","author":"KR Smith","year":"2014","journal-title":"Annu Rev Public Health"},{"issue":"12","key":"pmed.1003716.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1857","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP193","article-title":"Use of Cooking Fuels and Cataract in a Population-Based Study: The India Eye Disease Study","volume":"124","author":"TD Ravilla","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"issue":"6","key":"pmed.1003716.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1243","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyi174","article-title":"Cohort profile: the Kadoorie Study of Chronic Disease in China (KSCDC).","volume":"34","author":"Z Chen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"pmed.1003716.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1652","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyr120","article-title":"China Kadoorie Biobank of 0.5 million people: survey methods, baseline characteristics and long-term follow-up","volume":"40","author":"Z Chen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pmed.1003716.ref012","first-page":"1","article-title":"National public health surveillance in China: implications for public health in China and the United States","volume":"10","author":"GH Yang","year":"1997","journal-title":"Biomed Environ Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"pmed.1003716.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201803-0432OC","article-title":"Solid fuel use and risks of respiratory diseases: a cohort study of 280,000 Chinese never-smokers","volume":"199","author":"KH Chan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"pmed.1003716.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1370","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2017.09.010","article-title":"Trans-generational changes and rural-urban inequality in household fuel use and cookstove ventilation in China: A multi-region study of 0. 5 million adults","volume":"220","author":"KH Chan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Hyg Environ Health"},{"issue":"13","key":"pmed.1003716.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1351","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2018.2151","article-title":"Association of solid fuel use with risk of cardiovascular and all-cause mortality in rural China","volume":"319","author":"K Yu","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"10183","key":"pmed.1003716.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1831","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)31772-0","article-title":"Conventional and genetic evidence on alcohol and vascular disease aetiology: a prospective study of 500\u2008000 men and women in China","volume":"393","author":"IY Millwood","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"pmed.1003716.ref017","volume-title":"Epidemiology: Study Design and Data Analysis","author":"M Woodward","year":"2014","edition":"3"},{"key":"pmed.1003716.ref018","volume-title":"World report on vision","author":"World Health Organisation","year":"2019"},{"issue":"3","key":"pmed.1003716.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-019-00494-6","article-title":"Principles of confounder selection","volume":"34","author":"TJ VanderWeele","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"10002","key":"pmed.1003716.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1447","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)00340-2","article-title":"Contrasting male and female trends in tobacco-attributed mortality in China: evidence from successive nationwide prospective cohort studies","volume":"386","author":"Z Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"pmed.1003716.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.1485","article-title":"Improved estimates of floating absolute risk.","volume":"23","author":"M Plummer","year":"2004","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"issue":"14","key":"pmed.1003716.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1332","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1501451","article-title":"Fresh fruit consumption and major cardiovascular disease in China","volume":"374","author":"H Du","year":"2016","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"pmed.1003716.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1002279","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002279","article-title":"Fresh fruit consumption in relation to incident diabetes and diabetic vascular complications: A 7-y prospective study of 0. 5 million Chinese adults","volume":"14","author":"H Du","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS Med."},{"issue":"9861","key":"pmed.1003716.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)61720-6","article-title":"The 21st century hazards of smoking and benefits of stopping: a prospective study of one million women in the UK","volume":"381","author":"K Pirie","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"pmed.1003716.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"c4986","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.c4986","article-title":"Chronic kidney disease and risk of major cardiovascular disease and non-vascular mortality: prospective population based cohort study","volume":"341","author":"E Di Angelantonio","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"4","key":"pmed.1003716.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-016-0149-3","article-title":"Statistical tests, P values, confidence intervals, and power: a guide to misinterpretations","volume":"31","author":"S Greenland","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"pmed.1003716.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.2188\/jea.9.327","article-title":"A rural population based case-control study of senile cataract in India","volume":"9","author":"V Sreenivas","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"pmed.1003716.ref028","first-page":"221","article-title":"Risk factors for cataract: a case control study","volume":"46","author":"SN Ughade","year":"1998","journal-title":"Indian J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"4","key":"pmed.1003716.ref029","first-page":"213","article-title":"A case control study of senile cataract in a hospital based population","volume":"44","author":"SS Badrinath","year":"1996","journal-title":"Indian J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"6","key":"pmed.1003716.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2120","DOI":"10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_267_19","article-title":"Presenile cataract and its risk factors: A case control study","volume":"8","author":"GK Das","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Family Med Prim Care"},{"key":"pmed.1003716.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2415-11-16","article-title":"Use of traditional cooking fuels and the risk of young adult cataract in rural Bangladesh: a hospital-based case-control study","volume":"11","author":"J Tanchangya","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMC Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pmed.1003716.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0b013e3182820d60","article-title":"Biomass stoves and lens opacity and cataract in Nepalese women.","volume":"90","author":"AK Pokhrel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Optom Vis Sci"},{"key":"pmed.1003716.ref033","volume-title":"Burning Opportunity: Clean Household Energy for Health, Sustainable development, and Wellbeing of Women and Children Executive Summary.","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2016"},{"key":"pmed.1003716.ref034","first-page":"146","article-title":"Regional and seasonal variations in household and personal exposures to air pollution in one urban and two rural Chinese communities: a pilot study to collect time-resolved data using static and wearable devices","volume":"106217","author":"KH Chan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"issue":"2","key":"pmed.1003716.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.3109\/02713683.2014.898774","article-title":"Gender and cataract\u2014the role of estrogen","volume":"40","author":"M Zetterberg","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr Eye Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"pmed.1003716.ref036","first-page":"78","article-title":"Epidemiology and economic burden of conjunctivitis: a managed care perspective","volume":"17","author":"J Scheneider","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Managed Care Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"pmed.1003716.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.18773\/austprescr.2018.016","article-title":"Common eye infections","volume":"41","author":"S Watson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Aust Prescr"},{"issue":"14","key":"pmed.1003716.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4915","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.19-28346","article-title":"The Relationship Between Ambient Atmospheric Fine Particulate Matter (PM2.5) and Glaucoma in a Large Community Cohort","volume":"60","author":"SYL Chua","year":"2019","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"10","key":"pmed.1003716.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1120","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1206429","article-title":"Health and household air pollution from solid fuel use: the need for improved exposure assessment","volume":"121","author":"ML Clark","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"issue":"18","key":"pmed.1003716.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1901","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2014.3192","article-title":"The pathophysiology and treatment of glaucoma: a review","volume":"311","author":"RN Weinreb","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"2","key":"pmed.1003716.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"020705","DOI":"10.7189\/jogh.07.020705","article-title":"National and subnational prevalence and burden of glaucoma in China: A systematic analysis","volume":"7","author":"P Song","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Glob Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"pmed.1003716.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyz216","article-title":"Solid fuels for cooking and tobacco use and risk of major chronic liver disease mortality: a prospective cohort study of 0. 5 million Chinese adults","volume":"49","author":"KH Chan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pmed.1003716.ref043","first-page":"108","article-title":"A. Minor to chronic eye disorders due to enivronmental pollution: a review","volume":"2","author":"PM Gupta","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Ocul Infect inflamm"},{"issue":"10","key":"pmed.1003716.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(14)70168-7","article-title":"Respiratory risks from household air pollution in low and middle income countries","volume":"2","author":"SB Gordon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"pmed.1003716.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehu458","article-title":"Expert position paper on air pollution and cardiovascular disease","volume":"36","author":"DE Newby","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"issue":"1","key":"pmed.1003716.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0227868","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0227868","article-title":"Association of cataract and sun exposure in geographically diverse populations of India: The CASE study. First Report of the ICMR-EYE SEE Study Group","volume":"15","author":"P Vashist","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"pmed.1003716.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1177\/014107680109400604","article-title":"Carbon monoxide poisoning","volume":"94","author":"I Blumenthal","year":"2001","journal-title":"J R Soc Med"},{"key":"pmed.1003716.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1026","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2017-210952","article-title":"Impact of improved cookstoves on women\u2019s and child helath in low and middle income coutnries: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"73","author":"M Thakur","year":"2018","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"pmed.1003716.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2017.01.012","article-title":"Real-life effectiveness of \u2019improved\u2019 stoves and clean fuels in reducing PM2.5 and CO: Systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"101","author":"D Pope","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"issue":"10","key":"pmed.1003716.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e451","DOI":"10.1016\/S2542-5196(20)30197-2","article-title":"Household and personal air pollution exposure measurements from 120 communities in eight countries: results from the PURE-AIR study","volume":"4","author":"M Shupler","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Planet Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"pmed.1003716.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"010804","DOI":"10.7189\/jogh.08.010804","article-title":"The national and subnational prevalence of cataract and cataract blindness in China: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"8","author":"P Song","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Glob Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"pmed.1003716.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.2004.015636","article-title":"Ocular morbidity and fuel use: an experience from India","volume":"62","author":"A Saha","year":"2005","journal-title":"Occup Environ Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"pmed.1003716.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"020503","DOI":"10.7189\/jogh.08.020503","article-title":"Variations of dry eye disease prevalence by age, sex and geographic characteristics in China: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"8","author":"P Song","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Glob Health."},{"key":"pmed.1003716.ref054","first-page":"2014","article-title":"Prevalence of and Risk Factors for Dry Eye Symptom in Mainland China: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"748654","author":"L N-n","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pmed.1003716.ref055","first-page":"58","article-title":"How air pollution affects the eyes\u2014a review. Ophthalmology","volume":"3","author":"P \u0141atka","year":"2018","journal-title":"Aust Dent J"},{"issue":"1","key":"pmed.1003716.ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.4700170106","article-title":"Characterization of health effects of grain dust exposures","volume":"17","author":"TS Hurst","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am J Ind Med"},{"issue":"5\u20136","key":"pmed.1003716.ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1080\/09286586.2018.1501077","article-title":"Ultraviolet radiation and incidence of cataracts in a nationwide US cohort","volume":"25","author":"A Delavar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Epidemiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pmed.1003716.ref058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2008.04.007","article-title":"Simulation of heat exposure and damage to the eye lens in a neighborhood bakery","volume":"87","author":"N Sharon","year":"2008","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"pmed.1003716.ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1352","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2020.10.018","article-title":"Transient elevation of temperature promotes cross-linking of \u03b1-crystallin-client proteins through formation of advanced glycation endproducts: A potential role in presbyopia and cataracts","volume":"533","author":"SK Nandi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"}],"container-title":["PLOS Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pmed.1003716","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,29]],"date-time":"2021-07-29T18:24:37Z","timestamp":1627583077000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pmed.1003716"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Michael N.","family":"Bates","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,29]]},"references-count":59,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,29]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pmed.1003716","relation":{},"ISSN":["1549-1676"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1549-1676","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,29]]}}}