{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T14:14:53Z","timestamp":1790864093114,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,15]],"date-time":"2022-03-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1647302400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009053","name":"bill and melinda gates institute for population and reproductive health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["OPP1215984"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OPP1215984"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009053","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010877","name":"viiv healthcare","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010877","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"national institutes of health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K24 AI134413"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K24 AI134413"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"national institutes of health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["KL2 TR002346"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KL2 TR002346"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000026","name":"national institute on drug abuse","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R37-DA15612"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R37-DA15612"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000026","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosmedicine.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Med"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Optimizing services to facilitate engagement and retention in care of people living with HIV (PLWH) on antiretroviral therapies (ARTs) is critical to decrease HIV-related morbidity and mortality and HIV transmission. We systematically reviewed the literature for the effectiveness of implementation strategies to reestablish and subsequently retain clinical contact, improve viral load suppression, and reduce mortality among patients who had been lost to follow-up (LTFU) from HIV services.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods and findings<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We searched 7 databases (PubMed, Cochrane, ERIC, PsycINFO, EMBASE, Web of Science, and the WHO regional databases) and 3 conference abstract archives (CROI, IAC, and IAS) to find randomized trials and observational studies published through 13 April 2020. Eligible studies included those involving children and adults who were diagnosed with HIV, had initiated ART, and were subsequently lost to care and that reported at least one review outcome (return to care, retention, viral suppression, or mortality). Data were extracted by 2 reviewers, with discrepancies resolved by a third. We characterized reengagement strategies according to how, where, and by whom tracing was conducted. We explored effects, first, among all categorized as LTFU from the HIV program (reengagement program effect) and second among those found to be alive and out of care (reengagement contact outcome). We used random-effect models for meta-analysis and conducted subgroup analyses to explore heterogeneity. Searches yielded 4,244 titles, resulting in 37 included studies (6 randomized trials and 31 observational studies). In low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) (\n                      <jats:italic>N =<\/jats:italic>\n                      16), tracing most frequently involved identification of LTFU from the electronic medical record (EMR) and paper records followed by a combination of telephone calls and field tracing (including home visits), by a team of outreach workers within 3 months of becoming LTFU (\n                      <jats:italic>N =<\/jats:italic>\n                      7), with few incorporating additional strategies to support reengagement beyond contact (\n                      <jats:italic>N =<\/jats:italic>\n                      2). In high-income countries (HICs) (\n                      <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 21 studies), LTFU were similarly identified through EMR systems, at times matched with other public health records (\n                      <jats:italic>N =<\/jats:italic>\n                      4), followed by telephone calls and letters sent by mail or email and conducted by outreach specialist teams. Home visits were less common (\n                      <jats:italic>N =<\/jats:italic>\n                      7) than in LMICs, and additional reengagement support was similarly infrequent (\n                      <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 5). Overall, reengagement programs were able to return 39% (95% CI: 31% to 47%) of all patients who were characterized as LTFU (\n                      <jats:italic>n =<\/jats:italic>\n                      29). Reengagement contact resulted in 58% (95% CI: 51% to 65%) return among those found to be alive and out of care (\n                      <jats:italic>N =<\/jats:italic>\n                      17). In 9 studies that had a control condition, the return was higher among those in the reengagement intervention group than the standard of care group (RR: 1.20 (95% CI: 1.08 to 1.32,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.001). There were insufficient data to generate pooled estimates of retention, viral suppression, or mortality after the return.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>While the types of interventions are markedly heterogeneity, reengagement interventions increase return to care. HIV programs should consider investing in systems to better characterize LTFU to identify those who are alive and out of care, and further research on the optimum time to initiate reengagement efforts after missed visits and how to best support sustained reengagement could improve efficiency and effectiveness.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1003940","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,15]],"date-time":"2022-03-15T13:23:57Z","timestamp":1647350637000},"page":"e1003940","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pmed.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":56,"title":["Interventions to reengage people living with HIV who are lost to follow-up from HIV treatment programs: A systematic review and meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0478-3220","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ali","family":"Mirzazadeh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4049-9868","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ingrid","family":"Eshun-Wilson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6965-7770","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ryan R.","family":"Thompson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Atousa","family":"Bonyani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1259-7233","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"James G.","family":"Kahn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5482-2419","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Stefan D.","family":"Baral","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6090-2880","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sheree","family":"Schwartz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0707-8287","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"George","family":"Rutherford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0825-1424","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Elvin H.","family":"Geng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,15]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"pmed.1003940.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0210408","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0210408","article-title":"Being HIV positive and staying on antiretroviral therapy in Africa: A qualitative systematic review and theoretical model.","volume":"14","author":"I Eshun-Wilson","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"issue":"5","key":"pmed.1003940.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1002811","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002811","article-title":"Retention and viral suppression in a cohort of HIV patients on antiretroviral therapy in Zambia: Regionally representative estimates using a multistage-sampling-based approach.","volume":"16","author":"I Sikazwe","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"pmed.1003940.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/civ1004","article-title":"Retention in Care and Patient-Reported Reasons for Undocumented Transfer or Stopping Care Among HIV-Infected Patients on Antiretroviral Therapy in Eastern Africa: Application of a Sampling-Based Approach","volume":"62","author":"EH Geng","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"pmed.1003940.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1001369","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001369","article-title":"Toward an understanding of disengagement from HIV treatment and care in sub-Saharan Africa: a qualitative study.","volume":"10","author":"NC Ware","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"pmed.1003940.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1077","DOI":"10.1177\/1049732318759529","article-title":"An Exploration of Syndemic Factors That Influence Engagement in HIV Care Among Black Men.","volume":"28","author":"KG Quinn","year":"2018","journal-title":"Qual Health Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"pmed.1003940.ref006","first-page":"133","article-title":"Im sick and tired of being sick and tired","volume":"21","author":"VA Cargill","year":"2013","journal-title":"Top Antivir Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"pmed.1003940.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1080\/13691058.2015.1110255","article-title":"Structural community factors and sub-optimal engagement in HIV care among low-income women in the Deep South of the USA.","volume":"18","author":"M Walcott","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cult Health Sex"},{"issue":"10","key":"pmed.1003940.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1002959","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002959","article-title":"Longitudinal engagement trajectories and risk of death among new ART starters in Zambia: A group-based multi-trajectory analysis.","volume":"16","author":"A Mody","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"pmed.1003940.ref009","first-page":"302","volume":"37","author":"H Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"A state transition framework for patient-level modeling of engagement and retention in HIV care using longitudinal cohort data. Stat Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"pmed.1003940.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmedinf.2012.06.005","article-title":"Improved HIV-related outcomes associated with implementation of a novel public health information exchange.","volume":"81","author":"M Magnus","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Med Inform"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"pmed.1003940.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S49","DOI":"10.1089\/apc.2007.9987","article-title":"HIV System Navigation: an emerging model to improve HIV care access","volume":"21","author":"JB Bradford","year":"2007","journal-title":"AIDS Patient Care STDS"},{"issue":"5","key":"pmed.1003940.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1089\/apc.2016.0318","article-title":"Use of an Outreach Coordinator to Reengage and Retain Patients with HIV in Care","volume":"31","author":"MC Bean","year":"2017","journal-title":"AIDS Patient Care STDS"},{"key":"pmed.1003940.ref013","unstructured":"Covidence. Covidence systematic review software, Veritas Health Innovation, Melbourne, Australia. Available from: www.covidence.org. [cited 2020 Mar 25]."},{"key":"pmed.1003940.ref014","volume-title":"Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.1.0","author":"J Higgins"},{"key":"pmed.1003940.ref015","article-title":"The Newcastle\u2013Ottawa Scale (NOS) for Assessing the Quality of Non-Randomized Studies in Meta-Analysis.","author":"G Wells"},{"issue":"1","key":"pmed.1003940.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1111\/rssa.12059","article-title":"Diagnostics for Respondent-driven Sampling.","volume":"178","author":"KJ Gile","year":"2015","journal-title":"J R Stat Soc Ser A Stat Soc"},{"issue":"12","key":"pmed.1003940.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2011.01.012","article-title":"GRADE guidelines 6. Rating the quality of evidence\u2014imprecision.","volume":"64","author":"GH Guyatt","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"issue":"12","key":"pmed.1003940.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1303","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2011.04.014","article-title":"GRADE guidelines: 8. Rating the quality of evidence\u2014indirectness.","volume":"64","author":"GH Guyatt","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"issue":"12","key":"pmed.1003940.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1294","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2011.03.017","article-title":"GRADE guidelines: 7. Rating the quality of evidence\u2014inconsistency.","volume":"64","author":"GH Guyatt","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"issue":"12","key":"pmed.1003940.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2011.01.011","article-title":"GRADE guidelines: 5. Rating the quality of evidence\u2014publication bias.","volume":"64","author":"GH Guyatt","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"pmed.1003940.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2010.07.017","article-title":"GRADE guidelines: 4. Rating the quality of evidence\u2014study limitations (risk of bias).","volume":"64","author":"GH Guyatt","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"issue":"8","key":"pmed.1003940.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0258(19980430)17:8<857::AID-SIM777>3.0.CO;2-E","article-title":"Two-sided confidence intervals for the single proportion: comparison of seven methods.","volume":"17","author":"RG Newcombe","year":"1998","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"key":"pmed.1003940.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"d4002","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.d4002","article-title":"Recommendations for examining and interpreting funnel plot asymmetry in meta-analyses of randomised controlled trials","volume":"343","author":"JAC Sterne","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"20","key":"pmed.1003940.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3443","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.2380","article-title":"A modified test for small-study effects in meta-analyses of controlled trials with binary endpoints.","volume":"25","author":"RM Harbord","year":"2006","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"pmed.1003940.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e81823","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0081823","article-title":"Publication Bias in Recent Meta-Analyses","volume":"8","author":"M. Kicinski","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"1","key":"pmed.1003940.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-018-3865-9","article-title":"Re-engagement in HIV care following a missed visit in rural Uganda.","volume":"11","author":"MS Nabaggala","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Res Notes"},{"issue":"1","key":"pmed.1003940.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1177\/0956462414529098","article-title":"Patients who return to care after tracking remain at high risk of attrition: experience from a large HIV clinic, Uganda.","volume":"26","author":"A Nakiwogga-Muwanga","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J STD AIDS"},{"issue":"3","key":"pmed.1003940.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000000707","article-title":"Outcomes of a Clinic-Based Surveillance-Informed Intervention to Relink Patients to HIV Care.","volume":"70","author":"JM Bove","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"issue":"1","key":"pmed.1003940.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.9745\/GHSP-D-18-00394","article-title":"Identifying and Reengaging Patients Lost to Follow-Up in Rural Africa: The \u201cHorizontal\u201d Hospital-Based Approach in Uganda.","volume":"7","author":"F Alizadeh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Glob Health Sci Pract"},{"key":"pmed.1003940.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e25853","DOI":"10.1002\/jia2.25853","article-title":"The effect of tracer contact on return to care among adult, \u201clost to follow-up\u201d patients living with HIV in Zambia: an instrumental variable analysis.","volume":"24","author":"LK Beres","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Int AIDS Soc"},{"issue":"5","key":"pmed.1003940.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1080\/09540121.2016.1226478","article-title":"HIV patient retention: the implementation of a North Carolina clinic-based protocol","volume":"29","author":"J Keller","year":"2017","journal-title":"AIDS Care"},{"issue":"11","key":"pmed.1003940.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1420","DOI":"10.1080\/09540121.2019.1587373","article-title":"Health department-HIV clinic integration of data and human resources to re-engage out of care HIV-positive persons into clinical care in a New York City locale","volume":"31","author":"C Udeagu","year":"2019","journal-title":"AIDS Care"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"pmed.1003940.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S33","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000002019","article-title":"Using HIV Surveillance and Clinic Data to Optimize Data to Care Efforts in Community Health Centers in Massachusetts: The Massachusetts Partnerships for Care Project.","volume":"82","author":"C Kunzweiler","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr."},{"issue":"2","key":"pmed.1003940.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e52","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000000973","article-title":"Use of a Real-Time Alert System to Identify and Re-Engage Lost-to-Care HIV Patients.","volume":"72","author":"RJ Lubelchek","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"issue":"10","key":"pmed.1003940.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ofz402","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofz402","article-title":"Health Information Exchange: A Novel Re-linkage Intervention in an Urban Health System.","volume":"6","author":"J Sharp","year":"2019","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"pmed.1003940.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1353\/hpu.2012.0139","article-title":"Retention: building a patient-centered medical home in HIV primary care through PUFF (Patients Unable to Follow-up Found).","volume":"23","author":"AM Sitapati","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Health Care Poor Underserved"},{"issue":"12","key":"pmed.1003940.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1314","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.13152","article-title":"Effectiveness of interventions for unstable patients on antiretroviral therapy in South Africa: results of a cluster-randomised evaluation","volume":"23","author":"MP Fox","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"pmed.1003940.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1089\/apc.2018.0004","article-title":"Where Are They Now? Assessing if Persons Returned to HIV Care Following Loss to Follow-Up by Public Health Case Workers Were Engaged in Care in Follow-Up Years","volume":"32","author":"CN Udeagu","year":"2018","journal-title":"AIDS Patient Care STDS"},{"issue":"10","key":"pmed.1003940.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1001111","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001111","article-title":"Universal Definition of Loss to Follow-Up in HIV Treatment Programs: A Statistical Analysis of 111 Facilities in Africa, Asia, and Latin America.","volume":"8","author":"BH Chi","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"pmed.1003940.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1002489","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002489","article-title":"Estimated mortality on HIV treatment among active patients and patients lost to follow-up in 4 provinces of Zambia: Findings from a multistage sampling-based survey.","volume":"15","author":"CB Holmes","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"pmed.1003940.ref041"},{"key":"pmed.1003940.ref042","article-title":"Between empathy and anger: healthcare workers\u2019 perspectives on patient disengagement from antiretroviral treatment in Khayelitsha, Cape Town.","author":"T Nhemachena","year":"2021"},{"issue":"14","key":"pmed.1003940.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2271","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e328362fdde","article-title":"Lost or just not following up: public health effort to re-engage HIV-infected persons lost to follow-up into HIV medical care","volume":"27","author":"CC Udeagu","year":"2013","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"issue":"5","key":"pmed.1003940.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e160","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000000772","article-title":"Implementation and Operational Research: Early Tracing of Children Lost to Follow-Up From Antiretroviral Treatment: True Outcomes and Future Risks.","volume":"70","author":"C Ardura-Garcia","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr (1999)."},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"pmed.1003940.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2010.02509.x","article-title":"Early active follow-up of patients on antiretroviral therapy (ART) who are lost to follow-up: the \u201cBack-to-Care\u201d project in Lilongwe, Malawi.","volume":"15","author":"H Tweya","year":"2010","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"}],"container-title":["PLOS Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pmed.1003940","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,15]],"date-time":"2022-03-15T13:24:38Z","timestamp":1647350678000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pmed.1003940"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Marie-Louise","family":"Newell","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,15]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,15]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pmed.1003940","relation":{},"ISSN":["1549-1676"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1549-1676","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,15]]}}}