{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T21:57:18Z","timestamp":1791496638038,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,15]],"date-time":"2022-09-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1663200000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004359","name":"Swedish Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2019-01088"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019-01088"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004359","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004359","name":"Swedish Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["340-2013-5867"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["340-2013-5867"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004359","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004359","name":"Swedish Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2017-02175"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017-02175"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004359","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Joint Program on Neurodegenerative Diseases","award":["2021-00696"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021-00696"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004543","name":"Chinese Scholarship Council","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004543","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosmedicine.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Med"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Experimental observations have suggested a role of infection in the etiology of neurodegenerative disease. In human studies, however, it is difficult to disentangle whether infection is a risk factor or rather a comorbidity or secondary event of neurodegenerative disease. To this end, we examined the risk of 3 most common neurodegenerative diseases in relation to previous inpatient or outpatient episodes of hospital-treated infections.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods and findings<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We performed a nested case-control study based on several national registers in Sweden. Cases were individuals newly diagnosed with Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD), Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD), or amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) during 1970 to 2016 in Sweden, identified from the National Patient Register. For each case, 5 controls individually matched to the case on sex and year of birth were randomly selected from the general population. Conditional logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) with adjustment for potential confounders, including sex, year of birth, area of residence, educational attainment, family history of neurodegenerative disease, and Charlson comorbidity index. Infections experienced within 5 years before diagnosis of neurodegenerative disease were excluded to reduce the influence of surveillance bias and reverse causation. The analysis included 291,941 AD cases (median age at diagnosis: 76.2 years; male: 46.6%), 103,919 PD cases (74.3; 55.1%), and 10,161 ALS cases (69.3; 56.8%). A hospital-treated infection 5 or more years earlier was associated with an increased risk of AD (OR = 1.16, 95% CI: 1.15 to 1.18,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.001) and PD (OR = 1.04, 95% CI: 1.02 to 1.06,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.001). Similar results were observed for bacterial, viral, and other infections and among different sites of infection including gastrointestinal and genitourinary infections. Multiple infections before age 40 conveyed the greatest risk of AD (OR = 2.62, 95% CI: 2.52 to 2.72,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.001) and PD (OR = 1.41, 95% CI: 1.29 to 1.53,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.001). The associations were primarily due to AD and PD diagnosed before 60 years (OR = 1.93, 95% CI: 1.89 to 1.98 for AD,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.001; OR = 1.29, 95% CI: 1.22 to 1.36 for PD,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.001), whereas no association was found for those diagnosed at 60 years or older (OR = 1.00, 95% CI: 0.98 to 1.01 for AD,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.508; OR = 1.01, 95% CI: 0.99 to 1.03 for PD,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.382). No association was observed for ALS (OR = 0.97, 95% CI: 0.92 to 1.03,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.384), regardless of age at diagnosis. Excluding infections experienced within 10 years before diagnosis of neurodegenerative disease confirmed these findings. Study limitations include the potential misclassification of hospital-treated infections and neurodegenerative diseases due to incomplete coverage of the National Patient Register, as well as the residual confounding from unmeasured risk or protective factors for neurodegenerative diseases.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Hospital-treated infections, especially in early- and mid-life, were associated with an increased risk of AD and PD, primarily among AD and PD cases diagnosed before 60 years. These findings suggest that infectious events may be a trigger or amplifier of a preexisting disease process, leading to clinical onset of neurodegenerative disease at a relatively early age. However, due to the observational nature of the study, these results do not formally prove a causal link.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1004092","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,15]],"date-time":"2022-09-15T13:27:33Z","timestamp":1663248453000},"page":"e1004092","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pmed.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":48,"title":["Hospital-treated infections in early- and mid-life and risk of Alzheimer\u2019s disease, Parkinson\u2019s disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: A nationwide nested case-control study in Sweden"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2252-684X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jiangwei","family":"Sun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1024-5602","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jonas F.","family":"Ludvigsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5327-7204","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Caroline","family":"Ingre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fredrik","family":"Piehl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karin","family":"Wirdefeldt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0807-5835","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ulrika","family":"Zagai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weimin","family":"Ye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3310-6456","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Fang","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,15]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"pmed.1004092.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2020.06.008","article-title":"The Microbiome as a Modifier of Neurodegenerative Disease Risk","volume":"28","author":"P Fang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"issue":"1","key":"pmed.1004092.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(18)30403-4","article-title":"Global, regional, and national burden of Alzheimer\u2019s disease and other dementias, 1990\u20132016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016","volume":"18","author":"E Nichols","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"issue":"11","key":"pmed.1004092.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(18)30295-3","article-title":"Global, regional, and national burden of Parkinson\u2019s disease, 1990\u20132016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016","volume":"17","author":"ER Dorsey","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"issue":"12","key":"pmed.1004092.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1083","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(18)30404-6","article-title":"Global, regional, and national burden of motor neuron diseases 1990\u20132016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016","volume":"17","author":"G Logroscino","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pmed.1004092.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(19)30356-4","article-title":"The gut microbiome in neurological disorders","volume":"19","author":"O Cryan JF","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pmed.1004092.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(17)30401-5","article-title":"Novel genes associated with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: diagnostic and clinical implications","volume":"17","author":"R Chia","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pmed.1004092.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.3233\/JPD-202279","article-title":"Infection and Risk of Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"11","author":"RJ Smeyne","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Parkinsons Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"pmed.1004092.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"758","DOI":"10.1111\/joim.13336","article-title":"Gut microbiome and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: A systematic review of current evidence","volume":"290","author":"J Sun","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Intern Med"},{"key":"pmed.1004092.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691136","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2021.691136","article-title":"Microbial Infections Are a Risk Factor for Neurodegenerative Diseases","volume":"15","author":"SK Lotz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Cell Neurosci"},{"key":"pmed.1004092.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.604179","article-title":"The Gut-Brain Axis: How Microbiota and Host Inflammasome Influence Brain Physiology and Pathology","volume":"11","author":"A Rutsch","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"7","key":"pmed.1004092.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.1021\/acschemneuro.0c00719","article-title":"Viral Involvement in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"12","author":"A Sait","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Chem Nerosci"},{"issue":"12","key":"pmed.1004092.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1461","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2021.3895","article-title":"Long-term Risk of Parkinson Disease Following Influenza and Other Infections","volume":"78","author":"NM Cocoros","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pmed.1004092.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01549","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.1549","article-title":"Bacterial, viral, and fungal infection-related risk of Parkinson\u2019s disease: Meta-analysis of cohort and case-control studies","volume":"10","author":"H Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Behav"},{"key":"pmed.1004092.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clineuro.2018.09.039","article-title":"pylori and Parkinson\u2019s disease: Meta-analyses including clinical severity","volume":"175","author":"E Dardiotis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Neurol Neurosurg"},{"issue":"4","key":"pmed.1004092.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-020-0323-9","article-title":"Do infections have a role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer disease?","volume":"16","author":"RF Itzhaki","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pmed.1004092.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4743","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-41218-w","article-title":"Human herpesvirus infections and dementia or mild cognitive impairment: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"9","author":"C Warren-Gash","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"11","key":"pmed.1004092.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1557","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(21)00144-4","article-title":"Hospital-treated infectious diseases and the risk of dementia: a large, multicohort, observational study with a replication cohort","volume":"21","author":"PN Sipil\u00e4","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"issue":"7","key":"pmed.1004092.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e426","DOI":"10.1016\/S2666-7568(21)00118-5","article-title":"Assessment of common infections and incident dementia using UK primary and secondary care data: a historical cohort study","volume":"2","author":"R Muzambi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Healthy Longev"},{"key":"pmed.1004092.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dadm.2016.08.004","article-title":"Systemic and localized extra-central nervous system bacterial infections and the risk of dementia among US veterans: A retrospective cohort stud","volume":"4","author":"F Mawanda","year":"2016","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement (Amst)"},{"issue":"1","key":"pmed.1004092.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-201534","article-title":"Infectious Disease Burden and the Risk of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: A Population-Based Study","volume":"81","author":"A Douros","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Alzheimers Dis"},{"key":"pmed.1004092.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2018.04.010","article-title":"Reviewing the evidence for viruses as environmental risk factors for ALS: A new perspective","volume":"108","author":"DB Celeste","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"pmed.1004092.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-11-450","article-title":"External review and validation of the Swedish national inpatient register","volume":"11","author":"JF Ludvigsson","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"pmed.1004092.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1301","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-170572","article-title":"Detection of Dementia Cases in Two Swedish Health Registers: A Validation Study","volume":"61","author":"D Rizzuto","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Alzheimers Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"pmed.1004092.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1159\/000336356","article-title":"Accuracy and sensitivity of Parkinsonian disorder diagnoses in two Swedish national health registers","volume":"38","author":"AL Feldman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuroepidemiology"},{"issue":"5","key":"pmed.1004092.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.24936","article-title":"Blood biomarkers of carbohydrate, lipid, and apolipoprotein metabolisms and risk of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: A more than 20-year follow-up of the Swedish AMORIS cohort","volume":"81","author":"D Mariosa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"issue":"12","key":"pmed.1004092.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e59","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.2004.014472","article-title":"An incidence density sampling program for nested case-control analyses","volume":"61","author":"DB Richardson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Occup Environ Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"pmed.1004092.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2390","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awab100","article-title":"Hospital-diagnosed infections before age 20 and risk of a subsequent multiple sclerosis diagnosis","volume":"144","author":"Y Xu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"4","key":"pmed.1004092.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-019-00511-8","article-title":"The longitudinal integrated database for health insurance and labour market studies (LISA) and its use in medical research","volume":"34","author":"JF Ludvigsson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur J Epidemiol"},{"key":"pmed.1004092.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-59745-423-0_10","volume-title":"Methods in biobanking","author":"A. Ekbom","year":"2011"},{"key":"pmed.1004092.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.2147\/CLEP.S282475","article-title":"Adaptation of the Charlson Comorbidity Index for Register-Based Research in Sweden","volume":"13","author":"JF Ludvigsson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"pmed.1004092.ref031","volume-title":"Modern epidemiology","author":"TL Lash","year":"2021","edition":"4"},{"issue":"2","key":"pmed.1004092.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwaa167","article-title":"Do Case-Control Studies Always Estimate Odds Ratios?","volume":"190","author":"JA Labrecque","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"7\u20138","key":"pmed.1004092.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1080\/21678421.2018.1497065","article-title":"The Swedish motor neuron disease quality registry","volume":"19","author":"E Longinetti","year":"2018","journal-title":"Amyotroph Lateral Scler Frontotemporal Degener"},{"issue":"9","key":"pmed.1004092.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1080","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2021.2161","article-title":"Global Prevalence of Young-Onset Dementia: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis","volume":"78","author":"S Hendriks","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pmed.1004092.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.14108","article-title":"Parkinson disease","volume":"27","author":"R Balestrino","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pmed.1004092.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-020-0599-5","article-title":"The multiplex model of the genetics of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"23","author":"R Sims","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"pmed.1004092.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1310","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2019.01310","article-title":"ALS Genetics, Mechanisms, and Therapeutics: Where Are We Now?","volume":"13","author":"R Mejzini","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"issue":"11","key":"pmed.1004092.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2761","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-013-7057-1","article-title":"Cognitive impairment 3 years after neurological Varicella-zoster virus infection: a long-term case control study","volume":"260","author":"A Grahn","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"pmed.1004092.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101044","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.101044","article-title":"Cognitive deficits in people who have recovered from COVID-19","volume":"39","author":"A Hampshire","year":"2021","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"pmed.1004092.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12119","DOI":"10.1002\/trc2.12119","article-title":"Herpesvirus infections, antiviral treatment, and the risk of dementia-a registry-based cohort study in Sweden","volume":"7","author":"K Lopatko Lindman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement (N Y)"},{"issue":"9","key":"pmed.1004092.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2019.1368","article-title":"Association of Antiviral Therapy With Risk of Parkinson Disease in Patients With Chronic Hepatitis C Virus Infection","volume":"76","author":"WY Lin","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pmed.1004092.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.3233\/JPD-202320","article-title":"Parkinson\u2019s Disease and the COVID-19 Pandemic","volume":"11","author":"C Fearon","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Parkinsons Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"pmed.1004092.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/hel.12398","article-title":"Meta-analysis: Association of Helicobacter pylori infection with Parkinson\u2019s diseases","volume":"22","author":"X Shen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Helicobacter"},{"issue":"5","key":"pmed.1004092.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0251042","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0251042","article-title":"Helicobacter pylori eradication improves motor fluctuations in advanced Parkinson\u2019s disease patients: A prospective cohort study (HP-PD trial)","volume":"16","author":"P Lolekha","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"pmed.1004092.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119767","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2021.119767","article-title":"Association of Helicobacter pylori treatment with Parkinsonism and related disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"281","author":"F Bai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"issue":"307","key":"pmed.1004092.ref046","first-page":"307ra153","article-title":"Human endogenous retrovirus-K contributes to motor neuron disease","volume":"7","author":"W Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"pmed.1004092.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1355","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.13986","article-title":"Antibiotics use and risk of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in Sweden","volume":"26","author":"J Sun","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pmed.1004092.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.4085","article-title":"Can Infections Cause Alzheimer Disease?","volume":"324","author":"AL Komaroff","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"pmed.1004092.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2018.00170","article-title":"Non-Motor Symptoms of Parkinson\u2019s Disease and Their Impact on Quality of Life in a Cohort of Moroccan Patients.","volume":"9","author":"H Tibar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"issue":"21","key":"pmed.1004092.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1996","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000003961","article-title":"Vagotomy and Parkinson disease: A Swedish register-based matched-cohort study","volume":"88","author":"B Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"pmed.1004092.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2020.00510","article-title":"Appendectomy, Tonsillectomy and Parkinson\u2019s Disease Risk: A Swedish Register-Based Study","volume":"11","author":"B Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"issue":"4","key":"pmed.1004092.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1111\/imm.12869","article-title":"The immunogenetics of neurological disease","volume":"153","author":"MK Misra","year":"2018","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"issue":"2","key":"pmed.1004092.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1159\/000089546","article-title":"Early-onset dementia: frequency and causes compared to late-onset dementia","volume":"21","author":"A McMurtray","year":"2006","journal-title":"Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord"},{"issue":"10","key":"pmed.1004092.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-019-0244-7","article-title":"Ageing as a risk factor for neurodegenerative disease","volume":"15","author":"Y Hou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol"}],"container-title":["PLOS Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pmed.1004092","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,26]],"date-time":"2023-11-26T19:39:54Z","timestamp":1701027594000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pmed.1004092"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Perminder Singh","family":"Sachdev","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,15]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,15]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pmed.1004092","relation":{},"ISSN":["1549-1676"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1549-1676","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,15]]}}}