{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T11:34:56Z","timestamp":1774524896336,"version":"3.50.1"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1004093","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,22]],"date-time":"2022-09-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1663804800000}}],"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,8]],"date-time":"2022-09-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1662595200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 AI052473, U01AI088752, R01 TW009504 and R25 TW009338"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 AI052473, U01AI088752, R01 TW009504 and R25 TW009338"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MR\/T029781\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/T029781\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004440","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["102330\/Z\/13\/Z; 218987\/Z\/19\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["102330\/Z\/13\/Z; 218987\/Z\/19\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004440","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["OPP1211988"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OPP1211988"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CNPq 405308\/2021-3 and 311365\/2021-3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CNPq 405308\/2021-3 and 311365\/2021-3"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006181","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado da Bahia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SUS0019\/2021 and PET0022\/2016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SUS0019\/2021 and PET0022\/2016"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006181","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Burroughs-Wellcome","award":["Postdoctoral Fellowship"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Postdoctoral Fellowship"]}]},{"name":"William H. Prusoff Foundation","award":["Postdoctoral Fellowship"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Postdoctoral Fellowship"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005326","name":"Yale University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Sendas family fund"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Sendas family fund"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005326","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosmedicine.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Med"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The structural environment of urban slums, including physical, demographic, and socioeconomic attributes, renders inhabitants more vulnerable to Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. Yet, little is known about the specific determinants that contribute to high transmission within these communities. We therefore aimed to investigate SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence in an urban slum in Brazil.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods and findings<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We performed a cross-sectional serosurvey of an established cohort of 2,041 urban slum residents from the city of Salvador, Brazil between November 2020 and February 2021, following the first Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic wave in the country and during the onset of the second wave. The median age in this population was 29 years (interquartile range [IQR] 16 to 44); most participants reported their ethnicity as Black (51.5%) or Brown (41.7%), and 58.5% were female. The median size of participating households was 3 (IQR 2 to 4), with a median daily per capita income of 2.32 (IQR 0.33\u20135.15) US Dollars.<\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The main outcome measure was presence of IgG against the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. We implemented multilevel models with random intercepts for each household to estimate seroprevalence and associated risk factors, adjusting for the sensitivity and specificity of the assay, and the age and gender distribution of our study population. We identified high seroprevalence (47.9%, 95% confidence interval [CI] 44.2% to 52.1%), particularly among female residents (50.3% [95% CI 46.3% to 54.8%] versus 44.6% [95% CI 40.1% to 49.4%] among male residents,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.01) and among children (54.4% [95% CI 49.6% to 59.3%] versus 45.4% [95% CI 41.5% to 49.7%] among adults,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.01). Adults residing in households with children were more likely to be seropositive (48.6% [95% CI 44.8% to 52.3%] versus 40.7% [95% CI 37.2% to 44.3%],\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.01). Women who were unemployed and living below the poverty threshold (daily per capita household income &lt;$1.25) were more likely to be seropositive compared to men with the same employment and income status (53.9% [95% CI 47.0% to 60.6%] versus 32.9% [95% CI 23.2% to 44.3%],\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.01). Participation in the study was voluntary, which may limit the generalizability of our findings.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Prior to the peak of the second wave of the COVID-19 pandemic, cumulative incidence as assessed by serology approached 50% in a Brazilian urban slum population. In contrast to observations from industrialized countries, SARS-CoV-2 incidence was highest among children, as well as women living in extreme poverty. These findings emphasize the need for targeted interventions that provide safe environments for children and mitigate the structural risks posed by crowding and poverty for the most vulnerable residents of urban slum communities.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1004093","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,8]],"date-time":"2022-09-08T13:34:29Z","timestamp":1662644069000},"page":"e1004093","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pmed.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Structural factors associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection risk in an urban slum setting in Salvador, Brazil: A cross-sectional survey"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2874-471X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mariam O.","family":"Fofana","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8164-0602","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Nivison","family":"Nery","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6971-2677","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Juan P.","family":"Aguilar Ticona","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0818-1582","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Emilia M. M.","family":"de Andrade Belitardo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Renato","family":"Victoriano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3809-5335","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"R\u00f4sangela O.","family":"Anjos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4316-4799","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Moyra M.","family":"Portilho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mayara C.","family":"de Santana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8707-7005","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Laiara L.","family":"dos Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daiana","family":"de Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4128-1008","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jaqueline S.","family":"Cruz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0450-0868","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"M. Catherine","family":"Muenker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5664-4436","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ricardo","family":"Khouri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5239-8511","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Elsio A.","family":"Wunder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2327-3557","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Matt D. T.","family":"Hitchings","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4080-0999","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Olatunji","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3051-9060","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mitermayer G.","family":"Reis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6798-2059","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Guilherme S.","family":"Ribeiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9437-1907","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Derek A. T.","family":"Cummings","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Federico","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9023-2339","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Albert I.","family":"Ko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"pmed.1004093.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.18356\/27bc31a5-en","volume-title":"World cities report 2020: The value of sustainable urbanization","author":"United Nations Human Settlements Program (UN-Habitat)","year":"2020"},{"key":"pmed.1004093.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1007\/s11524-020-00438-6","article-title":"Slum Health: Arresting COVID-19 and Improving Well-Being in Urban Informal Settlements","volume":"97","author":"J Corburn","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Urban Health"},{"key":"pmed.1004093.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e782","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(21)00081-4","article-title":"Effect of socioeconomic inequalities and vulnerabilities on health-system preparedness and response to COVID-19 in Brazil: a comprehensive analysis","volume":"9","author":"R Rocha","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"pmed.1004093.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e110","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(20)30467-8","article-title":"Seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 in slums versus non-slums in Mumbai","volume":"9","author":"A Malani","year":"2021","journal-title":"India. Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"pmed.1004093.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e228","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000228","article-title":"Impact of Environment and Social Gradient on Leptospira Infection in Urban Slums","volume":"2","author":"RB Reis","year":"2008","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis."},{"key":"pmed.1004093.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2147","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2013.301420","article-title":"Disparities in Diabetes: The Nexus of Race, Poverty, and Place","volume":"104","author":"DJ Gaskin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"pmed.1004093.ref007","author":"Brazil Ministry of Health","year":"2022","journal-title":"Painel Coronav\u00edrus [Internet]"},{"key":"pmed.1004093.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0004275","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004275","article-title":"Spatiotemporal Determinants of Urban Leptospirosis Transmission: Four-Year Prospective Cohort Study of Slum Residents in Brazil","volume":"10","author":"JE Hagan","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis."},{"key":"pmed.1004093.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0003937","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003937","article-title":"Spatial Distribution of Dengue in a Brazilian Urban Slum Setting: Role of Socioeconomic Gradient in Disease Risk","volume":"9","author":"M Kikuti","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis."},{"key":"pmed.1004093.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1364","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2607.190846","article-title":"Transmission of Chikungunya Virus in an Urban Slum","volume":"26","author":"RO Anjos","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brazil Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"pmed.1004093.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aav6618","article-title":"Impact of preexisting dengue immunity on Zika virus emergence in a dengue endemic region","volume":"363","author":"I Rodriguez-Barraquer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"pmed.1004093.ref012","volume-title":"Plano Plurianual 2018\u20132021","author":"Prefeitura Municipal do Salvador","year":"2017"},{"key":"pmed.1004093.ref013","volume-title":"S\u00edntese de Indicadores Sociais: Uma an\u00e1lise das condi\u00e7\u00f5es de vida da popula\u00e7\u00e3o brasileira: 2021","author":"Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estad\u00edstica [Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics].","year":"2021"},{"key":"pmed.1004093.ref014","first-page":"9","article-title":"Willingness to Get the COVID-19 Vaccine among Residents of Slum Settlements","author":"JP Aguilar Ticona","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vaccines (Basel)"},{"key":"pmed.1004093.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiab001","article-title":"Risk of Sexually Transmitted Zika Virus in a Cohort of Economically Disadvantaged Urban Residents","volume":"224","author":"JP Aguilar Ticona","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"pmed.1004093.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2008.08.010","article-title":"Research electronic data capture (REDCap)\u2014A metadata-driven methodology and workflow process for providing translational research informatics support","volume":"42","author":"PA Harris","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Biomed Inform"},{"key":"pmed.1004093.ref017","author":"AG Euroimmun","year":"2022","journal-title":"Anti-SARS-CoV-2 S1 Curve ELISA (IgG) Instructions for use"},{"key":"pmed.1004093.ref018","article-title":"A mixture model to estimate SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence in Chennai, India","author":"MDT Hitchings","year":"2022","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"pmed.1004093.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)31304-0","article-title":"Seroprevalence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies in Geneva, Switzerland (SEROCoV-POP): a population-based study","volume":"396","author":"S Stringhini","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"pmed.1004093.ref020","first-page":"59","article-title":"mediation: R Package for Causal Mediation Analysis","author":"D Tingley","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Stat Softw."},{"key":"pmed.1004093.ref021","volume-title":"R: A language and environment for statistical computing","author":"R Core Team"},{"key":"pmed.1004093.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2020.04.042","article-title":"The risk of COVID-19 transmission in favelas and slums in Brazil","volume":"183","author":"RJ Pereira","year":"2020","journal-title":"Public Health"},{"key":"pmed.1004093.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e60","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268821000479","article-title":"Spatial dynamics of the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil","volume":"149","author":"RR Castro","year":"2021","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect"},{"key":"pmed.1004093.ref024","first-page":"eabg5298","article-title":"Socioeconomic status determines COVID-19 incidence and related mortality in Santiago","volume":"372","author":"GE Mena","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chile. Science"},{"key":"pmed.1004093.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100016","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinsp.2022.100016","article-title":"Increasing rate of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies between the first and second waves of COVID-19 in S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil: A cross-sectional blood donors-based study","volume":"77","author":"N Moya Rios do Vale","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clinics"},{"key":"pmed.1004093.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.11606\/s1518-8787.2021055004075","article-title":"Population-level seropositivity trend for SARS-Cov-2 in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil","volume":"55","author":"AJD Barros","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rev Sa\u00fade P\u00fablica."},{"key":"pmed.1004093.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e044592","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-044592","article-title":"COVID-19 among the inhabitants of the slums in the city of Buenos Aires: a population-based study","volume":"11","author":"A Macchia","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"pmed.1004093.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e39","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268821000273","article-title":"High seroprevalence of COVID-19 infection in a large slum in South India; what does it tell us about managing a pandemic and beyond?","volume":"149","author":"CE George","year":"2021","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect"},{"key":"pmed.1004093.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2020.4573","article-title":"Susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection among children and adolescents compared with adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"175","author":"RM Viner","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr"},{"key":"pmed.1004093.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0009945","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009945","article-title":"Seroprevalence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG at the first epidemic peak in French Guiana, July 2020","volume":"15","author":"C Flamand","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis."},{"key":"pmed.1004093.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-021-00749-1","article-title":"Nationwide seroprevalence of antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 in Israel","volume":"36","author":"S Reicher","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur J Epidemiol"},{"key":"pmed.1004093.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2020.7976","article-title":"Estimated SARS-CoV-2 Seroprevalence in the US as of September 2020","volume":"181","author":"KL Bajema","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med"},{"key":"pmed.1004093.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-021-05922-1","article-title":"Influenza and other respiratory viral infections associated with absence from school among schoolchildren in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA: a cohort study","volume":"21","author":"JM Read","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"pmed.1004093.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2825","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1008895108","article-title":"Role of social networks in shaping disease transmission during a community outbreak of 2009 H1N1 pandemic influenza","volume":"108","author":"S Cauchemez","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"pmed.1004093.ref035","article-title":"Prefeitura apresenta protocolos de retomada da educa\u00e7\u00e3o em Salvador","author":"F. Valverde","year":"2021","journal-title":"A Tarde"},{"key":"pmed.1004093.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2700-3","article-title":"Sex differences in immune responses that underlie COVID-19 disease outcomes","volume":"588","author":"T Takahashi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"pmed.1004093.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.10.011","article-title":"Population-based seroprevalence surveys of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody: An up-to-date review","volume":"101","author":"C-C Lai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"key":"pmed.1004093.ref038","unstructured":"Prefeitura Municipal do Salvador. Indicadores COVID-19 [Internet]. [cited 2022 Jun 29] Available from: http:\/\/www.saude.salvador.ba.gov.br\/covid\/indicadorescovid\/."},{"key":"pmed.1004093.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)31848-7","article-title":"Improving the health and welfare of people who live in slums","volume":"389","author":"RJ Lilford","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"pmed.1004093.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1007\/s11524-020-00450-w","article-title":"Targeting the World\u2019s Slums as Fat Tails in the Distribution of COVID-19 Cases","volume":"97","author":"RM Buckley","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Urban Health"},{"key":"pmed.1004093.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1007\/s11524-020-00507-w","article-title":"Mobility Patterns During COVID-19 Travel Restrictions in Nairobi Urban Informal Settlements: Who Is Leaving Home and Why","volume":"98","author":"J Pinchoff","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Urban Health"},{"key":"pmed.1004093.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1592","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.2020.00928","article-title":"The COVID-19 shadow pandemic: Meeting social needs for a city in lockdown","volume":"39","author":"J Clapp","year":"2020","journal-title":"Health Aff"},{"key":"pmed.1004093.ref043","first-page":"000276422110031","article-title":"The gendered politics of pandemic relief: Labor and family policies in Denmark, Germany, and the United States during COVID-19","author":"N Bariola","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am Behav Sci."}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1004093","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,22]],"date-time":"2022-09-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1663804800000}}],"container-title":["PLOS Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pmed.1004093","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,22]],"date-time":"2022-09-22T14:37:31Z","timestamp":1663857451000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pmed.1004093"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Margaret E.","family":"Kruk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,8]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,8]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pmed.1004093","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/2022.02.13.22270856","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1549-1676"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1549-1676","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,8]]}}}