{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T20:48:21Z","timestamp":1792788501510,"version":"4.5.0"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1004325","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,1]],"date-time":"2024-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706745600000}}],"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,12]],"date-time":"2024-01-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1705017600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000049","name":"National Institute on Aging","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 AG053100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 AG053100"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000049","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U01 AI069918"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01 AI069918"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K01AI138853"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K01AI138853"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000049","name":"National Institute on Aging","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AG069575"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AG069575"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000049","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Jerome and Celia Reich Endowed Scholar Award"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U01 AI069918"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01 AI069918"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosmedicine.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Med"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Estimating the medical complexity of people aging with HIV can inform clinical programs and policy to meet future healthcare needs. The objective of our study was to forecast the prevalence of comorbidities and multimorbidity among people with HIV (PWH) using antiretroviral therapy (ART) in the United States (US) through 2030.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods and findings<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Using the PEARL model\u2014an agent-based simulation of PWH who have initiated ART in the US\u2014the prevalence of anxiety, depression, stage \u22653 chronic kidney disease (CKD), dyslipidemia, diabetes, hypertension, cancer, end-stage liver disease (ESLD), myocardial infarction (MI), and multimorbidity (\u22652 mental or physical comorbidities, other than HIV) were forecasted through 2030. Simulations were informed by the US CDC HIV surveillance data of new HIV diagnosis and the longitudinal North American AIDS Cohort Collaboration on Research and Design (NA-ACCORD) data on risk of comorbidities from 2009 to 2017. The simulated population represented 15 subgroups of PWH including Hispanic, non-Hispanic White (White), and non-Hispanic Black\/African American (Black\/AA) men who have sex with men (MSM), men and women with history of injection drug use and heterosexual men and women. Simulations were replicated for 200 runs and forecasted outcomes are presented as median values (95% uncertainty ranges are presented in the Supporting information).<\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>In 2020, PEARL forecasted a median population of 670,000 individuals receiving ART in the US, of whom 9% men and 4% women with history of injection drug use, 60% MSM, 8% heterosexual men, and 19% heterosexual women. Additionally, 44% were Black\/AA, 32% White, and 23% Hispanic. Along with a gradual rise in population size of PWH receiving ART\u2014reaching 908,000 individuals by 2030\u2014PEARL forecasted a surge in prevalence of most comorbidities to 2030. Depression and\/or anxiety was high and increased from 60% in 2020 to 64% in 2030. Hypertension decreased while dyslipidemia, diabetes, CKD, and MI increased. There was little change in prevalence of cancer and ESLD. The forecasted multimorbidity among PWH receiving ART increased from 63% in 2020 to 70% in 2030. There was heterogeneity in trends across subgroups. Among Black women with history of injection drug use in 2030 (oldest demographic subgroup with median age of 66 year), dyslipidemia, CKD, hypertension, diabetes, anxiety, and depression were most prevalent, with 92% experiencing multimorbidity. Among Black MSM in 2030 (youngest demographic subgroup with median age of 42 year), depression and CKD were highly prevalent, with 57% experiencing multimorbidity. These results are limited by the assumption that trends in new HIV diagnoses, mortality, and comorbidity risk observed in 2009 to 2017 will persist through 2030; influences occurring outside this period are not accounted for in the forecasts.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The PEARL forecasts suggest a continued rise in comorbidity and multimorbidity prevalence to 2030, marked by heterogeneities across race\/ethnicity, gender, and HIV acquisition risk subgroups. HIV clinicians must stay current on the ever-changing comorbidities-specific guidelines to provide guideline-recommended care. HIV clinical directors should ensure linkages to subspecialty care within the clinic or by referral. HIV policy decision-makers must allocate resources and support extended clinical capacity to meet the healthcare needs of people aging with HIV.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1004325","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,12]],"date-time":"2024-01-12T13:38:40Z","timestamp":1705066720000},"page":"e1004325","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pmed.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":93,"title":["The forecasted prevalence of comorbidities and multimorbidity in people with HIV in the United States through the year 2030: A modeling study"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5068-6595","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Keri N.","family":"Althoff","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9982-5808","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Cameron","family":"Stewart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Humes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucas","family":"Gerace","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5642-9015","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Cynthia","family":"Boyd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4010-398X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kelly","family":"Gebo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0139-5502","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Amy C.","family":"Justice","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8721-106X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Emily P.","family":"Hyle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6423-1137","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sally B.","family":"Coburn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raynell","family":"Lang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael J.","family":"Silverberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael A.","family":"Horberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4943-091X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Viviane D.","family":"Lima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8546-8790","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"M. John","family":"Gill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maile","family":"Karris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1951-9104","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Peter F.","family":"Rebeiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Thorne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3742-7086","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ashleigh J.","family":"Rich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heidi","family":"Crane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5410-7175","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mari","family":"Kitahata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Rubtsova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cherise","family":"Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sean","family":"Leng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8409-4689","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Vincent C.","family":"Marconi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0575-7948","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Gypsyamber","family":"D\u2019Souza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6710-9666","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Hyang Nina","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9032-3713","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sonia","family":"Napravnik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathleen","family":"McGinnis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7829-1405","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Gregory D.","family":"Kirk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Timothy R.","family":"Sterling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard D.","family":"Moore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Parastu","family":"Kasaie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"pmed.1004325.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e207954","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.7954","article-title":"Comparison of overall and comorbidity-free life expectancy between insured adults with and without HIV infection, 2000\u20132016","volume":"3","author":"JL Marcus","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"pmed.1004325.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.7326\/M14-0954","article-title":"Cigarette smoking prevalence among adults with HIV compared with the general adult population in the United States: Cross-sectional surveys","volume":"162","author":"R Mdodo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"pmed.1004325.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.2015.0147","article-title":"Rising obesity prevalence and weight gain among adults starting antiretroviral therapy in the United States and Canada","volume":"32","author":"JR Koethe","year":"2016","journal-title":"AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses"},{"key":"pmed.1004325.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1007\/s11904-020-00483-5","article-title":"Obesity and weight gain in persons with HIV.","volume":"17","author":"SS Bailin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr HIVAIDS Rep"},{"key":"pmed.1004325.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e186371","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2018.6371","article-title":"Prevalence of Hepatitis C Virus Infection in US States and the District of Columbia, 2013 to 2016","volume":"1","author":"ES Rosenberg","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"pmed.1004325.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1080\/13548506.2018.1437276","article-title":"Anxiety, depression, and health-related quality of life in aging people living with HIV compared to diabetes patients and patients with minor health conditions: a longitudinal study","volume":"23","author":"J Ronel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychol Health Med"},{"key":"pmed.1004325.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2016.11.005","article-title":"Anxiety symptoms and disorders among adults living with HIV and AIDS: A critical review and integrative synthesis of the empirical literature","volume":"51","author":"C Brandt","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Rev"},{"key":"pmed.1004325.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e016531","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2016-014768","article-title":"Prevalence and incidence of hypertension in the global HIV-infected population: A systematic review and meta-analysis protocol","volume":"7","author":"JJ Bigna","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"pmed.1004325.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jana.2018.04.004","article-title":"Chronic kidney disease in persons living with HIV: A systematic review","volume":"29","author":"J Park","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Assoc Nurses AIDS Care"},{"key":"pmed.1004325.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000001422","article-title":"Hepatocellular carcinoma: An evolving challenge in viral hepatitis and HIV coinfection","volume":"31","author":"DJ Pinato","year":"2017","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"pmed.1004325.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"dju503","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/dju503","article-title":"Excess cancers among HIV-infected people in the United States","volume":"107","author":"HA Robbins","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Inst"},{"key":"pmed.1004325.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1179","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.165.10.1179","article-title":"Antiretroviral therapy and the prevalence and incidence of diabetes mellitus in the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study","volume":"165","author":"TT Brown","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"pmed.1004325.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1100","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.033369","article-title":"Global burden of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease in people living with the Human Immunodeficiency Virus: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"138","author":"ASV Shah","year":"2018","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"pmed.1004325.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000001450","article-title":"Increased risk of myocardial infarction in HIV-infected individuals in North America compared with the general population.","volume":"75","author":"DR Drozd","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"key":"pmed.1004325.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1310\/hct1102-100","article-title":"Aging and HIV infection: A comparison between older HIV-infected persons and the general population.","volume":"11","author":"N \u00d6nen","year":"2010","journal-title":"HIV Clin Trials."},{"key":"pmed.1004325.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000000545","article-title":"The effect of HAART-induced HIV suppression on circulating markers of inflammation and immune activation","volume":"29","author":"NI Wada","year":"2015","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"pmed.1004325.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S375","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jis200","article-title":"Immunologic basis of cardiovascular disease in HIV-infected adults","volume":"205","author":"PY Hsue","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"pmed.1004325.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F51","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-199807000-00003","article-title":"A syndrome of peripheral lipodystrophy, hyperlipidaemia and insulin resistance in patients receiving HIV protease inhibitors","volume":"12","author":"A Carr","year":"1998","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"pmed.1004325.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1179","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200305230-00010","article-title":"Cardiovascular disease risk factors in HIV patients\u2013association with antiretroviral therapy: Results from the D:A:D study","volume":"17","author":"N Friis-M\u00f8ller","year":"2003","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"pmed.1004325.ref020","article-title":"Social determinants of health among adults with diagnosed HIV infection, 2018.","author":"US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"2020","journal-title":"HIV Surveill Suppl Rep"},{"key":"pmed.1004325.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1177\/0020872820940017","article-title":"Examining COVID-19 and HIV: The impact of intersectional stigma on short-and long-term health outcomes among African Americans.","volume":"63","author":"LA Nydegger","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int Soc Work."},{"key":"pmed.1004325.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2019.19775","article-title":"Comorbidites in persons with HIV: The lingering challenge","volume":"323","author":"AMA Lerner","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"pmed.1004325.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1525","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)61809-7","article-title":"The end of AIDS: HIV infection as a chronic disease","volume":"382","author":"SG Deeks","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"pmed.1004325.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1230","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cix998","article-title":"Multimorbidity among persons living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus in the United States","volume":"66","author":"C Wong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"pmed.1004325.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0b013e31827303d5","article-title":"Multimorbidity patterns in HIV-infected patients: The role of obesity in chronic disease clustering","volume":"61","author":"DJ Kim","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"key":"pmed.1004325.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1593","DOI":"10.1086\/523577","article-title":"Do patterns of comorbidity vary by HIV status, age, and HIV severity?","volume":"45","author":"JL Goulet","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"pmed.1004325.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1301","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa204","article-title":"The prevalence and burden of non-AIDS comorbidities among women living with or at risk for Human Immunodeficiency Virus infection in the United States","volume":"72","author":"LF Collins","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"pmed.1004325.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2327","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000002349","article-title":"Non-AIDS comorbidity burden differs by sex, race, and insurance type in aging adults in HIV care","volume":"33","author":"F Palella","year":"2019","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"pmed.1004325.ref029","first-page":"45","article-title":"First occurrence of diabetes, chronic kidney disease, and hypertension among north American HIV-infected adults, 2000\u20132013","volume":"64","author":"C Wong","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"pmed.1004325.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.3851\/IMP2450","article-title":"Disparities in prevalence of key chronic diseases by gender and race\/ethnicity among antiretroviral treated HIV-infected adults in the US.","volume":"18","author":"K Buchacz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Antivir Ther"},{"key":"pmed.1004325.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1256","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cir673","article-title":"HIV infection, immune suppression, and uncontrolled viremia are associated with increased multimorbidity among aging injection drug users","volume":"53","author":"ML Salter","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"pmed.1004325.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1447","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000001087","article-title":"Association of injection drug use with incidence of HIV-associated non-AIDS-related morbidity by age, 1995\u20132014","volume":"30","author":"CR Lesko","year":"2016","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"pmed.1004325.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glu041","article-title":"Advances in geroscience: Impact on healthspan and chronic disease.","volume":"69","author":"JB Burch","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Gerontol\u2014Ser Biol Sci Med Sci"},{"key":"pmed.1004325.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1186\/s12875-020-01197-8","article-title":"General practitioner strategies for managing patients with multimorbidity: a systematic review and thematic synthesis of qualitative research.","volume":"21","author":"RA Damarell","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Fam Pract"},{"key":"pmed.1004325.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2021.08.021","article-title":"Projecting the age-distribution of men who have sex with men receiving HIV treatment in the United States.","volume":"65","author":"P Kasaie","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann Epidemiol."},{"key":"pmed.1004325.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000003128","article-title":"The shifting age distribution of people with HIV using antiretroviral therapy in the United States","volume":"36","author":"KN Althoff","year":"2022","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"pmed.1004325.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.7326\/M14-2768","article-title":"Cumulative incidence of cancer among persons With HIV in North America: A cohort study","volume":"163","author":"MJMJ Silverberg","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"pmed.1004325.ref038","first-page":"1160","article-title":"Risk of end-stage liver disease in HIV-viral hepatitis coinfected persons in North America from the early to modern antiretroviral therapy eras","volume":"63","author":"MB Klein","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"pmed.1004325.ref039","first-page":"259","article-title":"The prevalence of mental health disorders in people with HIV and the effects on the HIV Care Continuum.","volume":"37","author":"R Lang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"key":"pmed.1004325.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e92842","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0092842","article-title":"Excess burden of depression among HIV-infected persons receiving medical care in the United States: Data from the medical monitoring project and the behavioral risk factor surveillance system.","volume":"9","author":"AN Do","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"pmed.1004325.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2017.4726","article-title":"Association of increased chronicity of depression with HIV appointment attendance, treatment failure, and mortality among HIV-infected adults in the United States","volume":"75","author":"BW Pence","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"pmed.1004325.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1071\/SH11017","article-title":"Comorbidities and depression in older adults with HIV.","volume":"8","author":"RJ Havlik","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sex Health."},{"key":"pmed.1004325.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2163","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2023.9301","article-title":"Screening for Anxiety Disorders in Adults: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement.","volume":"329","author":"US Preventive Services Task Force","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"pmed.1004325.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ofaa584","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofaa584","article-title":"Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and Aging: Multimorbidity in Older People With HIV in One Nonurban Southeastern Ryan White HIV\/AIDS Program Clinic.","volume":"8","author":"EC Arant","year":"2021","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect Dis"},{"key":"pmed.1004325.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2304146","article-title":"Pitavastatin to Prevent Cardiovascular Disease in HIV Infection","volume":"389","author":"SK Grinspoon","year":"2023","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"pmed.1004325.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMe2306782","article-title":"HIV and Cardiovascular Disease\u2014An Ounce of Prevention","volume":"389","author":"MS Freiberg","year":"2023","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"pmed.1004325.ref047","unstructured":"US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. NCHHSTP AtlasPlus. [Internet]. [cited 2023 Oct 11]. Available from: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/nchhstp\/atlas\/index.htm."},{"key":"pmed.1004325.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.2337\/dci20-0053","article-title":"Social Determinants of Health and Diabetes: A Scientific Review","volume":"44","author":"F Hill-Briggs","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"pmed.1004325.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1093\/ajh\/hpab011","article-title":"Associations Between Social Determinants and Hypertension, Stage 2 Hypertension, and Controlled Blood Pressure Among Men and Women in the United States","volume":"34","author":"Y Commodore-Mensah","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Hypertens"},{"key":"pmed.1004325.ref050","unstructured":"US Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Chronic Kidney Disease Surveillance System website. [Internet]. [cited 2022 Oct 19]. Available from: https:\/\/nccd.cdc.gov\/CKD."},{"key":"pmed.1004325.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"932","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2019.00932","article-title":"Neuropsychiatric Disorders in Chronic Kidney Disease.","volume":"10","author":"AC Sim\u00f5es e Silva","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol."},{"key":"pmed.1004325.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101392","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2022.101392","article-title":"Health conditions in adults with HIV compared with the general population: A population-based cross-sectional analysis.","volume":"47","author":"DR Morales","year":"2022","journal-title":"eClinicalMedicine"},{"key":"pmed.1004325.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-157-5-201209040-00005","article-title":"U.S. Trends in Antiretroviral Therapy Use, HIV RNA Plasma Viral Loads, and CD4 T-Lymphocyte Cell Counts Among HIV-Infected Persons, 2000 to 2008","volume":"157","author":"KNKN Althoff","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"pmed.1004325.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150561","DOI":"10.5888\/pcd13.150561","article-title":"Agent-based modeling of chronic diseases: A narrative review and future research directions.","volume":"13","author":"Y Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Prev Chronic Dis"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1004325","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,1]],"date-time":"2024-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706745600000}}],"container-title":["PLOS Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pmed.1004325","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,1]],"date-time":"2024-02-01T13:57:47Z","timestamp":1706795867000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pmed.1004325"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,12]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,12]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pmed.1004325","relation":{},"ISSN":["1549-1676"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1549-1676","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,12]]}}}