{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T18:20:20Z","timestamp":1790619620810,"version":"4.1.0"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1004409","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,11]],"date-time":"2024-06-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1718064000000}}],"reference-count":182,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,28]],"date-time":"2024-05-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1716854400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000862","name":"Doris Duke Charitable Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2018095"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018095"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000862","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000862","name":"Doris Duke Charitable Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021074"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021074"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000862","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["INV-038215"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["INV-038215"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosmedicine.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Med"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>India accounts for about one-quarter of people contracting tuberculosis (TB) disease annually and nearly one-third of TB deaths globally. Many Indians do not navigate all care cascade stages to receive TB treatment and achieve recurrence-free survival. Guided by a population\/exposure\/comparison\/outcomes (PECO) framework, we report findings of a systematic review to identify factors contributing to unfavorable outcomes across each care cascade gap for TB disease in India.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods and findings<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We defined care cascade gaps as comprising people with confirmed or presumptive TB who did not: start the TB diagnostic workup (Gap 1), complete the workup (Gap 2), start treatment (Gap 3), achieve treatment success (Gap 4), or achieve TB recurrence-free survival (Gap 5). Three systematic searches of PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science from January 1, 2000 to August 14, 2023 were conducted. We identified articles evaluating factors associated with unfavorable outcomes for each gap (reported as adjusted odds, relative risk, or hazard ratios) and, among people experiencing unfavorable outcomes, reasons for these outcomes (reported as proportions), with specific quality or risk of bias criteria for each gap. Findings were organized into person-, family-, and society-, or health system-related factors, using a social-ecological framework.<\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>Factors associated with unfavorable outcomes across multiple cascade stages included: male sex, older age, poverty-related factors, lower symptom severity or duration, undernutrition, alcohol use, smoking, and distrust of (or dissatisfaction with) health services. People previously treated for TB were more likely to seek care and engage in the diagnostic workup (Gaps 1 and 2) but more likely to suffer pretreatment loss to follow-up (Gap 3) and unfavorable treatment outcomes (Gap 4), especially those who were lost to follow-up during their prior treatment.<\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>For individual care cascade gaps, multiple studies highlighted lack of TB knowledge and structural barriers (e.g., transportation challenges) as contributing to lack of care-seeking for TB symptoms (Gap 1, 14 studies); lack of access to diagnostics (e.g., X-ray), non-identification of eligible people for testing, and failure of providers to communicate concern for TB as contributing to non-completion of the diagnostic workup (Gap 2, 17 studies); stigma, poor recording of patient contact information by providers, and early death from diagnostic delays as contributing to pretreatment loss to follow-up (Gap 3, 15 studies); and lack of TB knowledge, stigma, depression, and medication adverse effects as contributing to unfavorable treatment outcomes (Gap 4, 86 studies). Medication nonadherence contributed to unfavorable treatment outcomes (Gap 4) and TB recurrence (Gap 5, 14 studies). Limitations include lack of meta-analyses due to the heterogeneity of findings and limited generalizability to some Indian regions, given the country\u2019s diverse population.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This systematic review illuminates common patterns of risk that shape outcomes for Indians with TB, while highlighting knowledge gaps\u2014particularly regarding TB care for children or in the private sector\u2014to guide future research. Findings may inform targeting of support services to people with TB who have higher risk of poor outcomes and inform multicomponent interventions to close gaps in the care cascade.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1004409","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,28]],"date-time":"2024-05-28T14:35:32Z","timestamp":1716906932000},"page":"e1004409","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pmed.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Barriers to engagement in the care cascade for tuberculosis disease in India: A systematic review of quantitative studies"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Tulip A.","family":"Jhaveri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Disha","family":"Jhaveri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amith","family":"Galivanche","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8659-5943","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Maya","family":"Lubeck-Schricker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4424-4539","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Dominic","family":"Voehler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5583-2870","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mei","family":"Chung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pruthu","family":"Thekkur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4457-4842","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Vineet","family":"Chadha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3544-5021","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ruvandhi","family":"Nathavitharana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ajay M. V.","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hemant Deepak","family":"Shewade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8421-6882","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Katherine","family":"Powers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7460-733X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kenneth H.","family":"Mayer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5845-3190","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jessica E.","family":"Haberer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4257-2467","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Paul","family":"Bain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3667-4536","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Madhukar","family":"Pai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5420-2551","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Srinath","family":"Satyanarayana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2063-943X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ramnath","family":"Subbaraman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"pmed.1004409.ref001","volume-title":"Global tuberculosis report 2023 [Internet].","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2023"},{"key":"pmed.1004409.ref002","volume-title":"India TB report 2020 [Internet]","author":"TB Central","year":"2020"},{"key":"pmed.1004409.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1002754","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002754","article-title":"Constructing care cascades for active tuberculosis: A strategy for program monitoring and identifying gaps in quality of care","volume":"16","author":"R Subbaraman","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"pmed.1004409.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e547","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(23)00375-4","article-title":"Improving measurement of tuberculosis care cascades to enhance people-centred care","volume":"23","author":"L Faust","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"pmed.1004409.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1002149","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002149","article-title":"The Tuberculosis Cascade of Care in India\u2019s Public Sector: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.","volume":"13","author":"R Subbaraman","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"pmed.1004409.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S702","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jix335","article-title":"The South African Tuberculosis Care Cascade: Estimated Losses and Methodological Challenges","volume":"216","author":"P Naidoo","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"pmed.1004409.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e044867","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-044867","article-title":"Tuberculosis care cascade in Zambia\u2014identifying the gaps in order to improve outcomes: a population-based analysis","volume":"11","author":"P Lungu","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"pmed.1004409.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-020-01626-6","article-title":"Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis surveillance and cascade of care in Madagascar: a five-year (2012\u20132017) retrospective study.","volume":"18","author":"AM Knoblauch","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Med."},{"key":"pmed.1004409.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jctube.2020.100193","article-title":"Understanding the gaps in DR-TB care cascade in Nigeria: A sequential mixed-method study.","volume":"21","author":"C Oga-Omenka","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Tuberc Other Mycobact Dis."},{"key":"pmed.1004409.ref010","volume-title":"National Strategic Plan for Tuberculosis Elimination in India 2017\u20132025 [Internet].","author":"Central TB Division","year":"2017"},{"key":"pmed.1004409.ref011","volume-title":"The End TB Strategy [Internet]","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2015"},{"key":"pmed.1004409.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jctube.2020.100144","article-title":"Closing gaps in the tuberculosis care cascade: an action-oriented research agenda","volume":"19","author":"R Subbaraman","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Tuberc Other Mycobact Dis"},{"key":"pmed.1004409.ref013","volume-title":"Technical and Operational Guidelines for TB Control in India 2016 [Internet]","author":"TB National","year":"2016"},{"key":"pmed.1004409.ref014","volume-title":"Standards for TB care in India [Internet]","author":"World Health Organization Country Office for India","year":"2014"},{"key":"pmed.1004409.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1708","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-018-0224-2","article-title":"A patient-level pooled analysis of treatment-shortening regimens for drug-susceptible pulmonary tuberculosis","volume":"24","author":"MZ Imperial","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"pmed.1004409.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2018.07.015","article-title":"Identifying the PECO: A framework for formulating good questions to explore the association of environmental and other exposures with health outcomes.","volume":"121","author":"RL Morgan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ Int."},{"key":"pmed.1004409.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1420","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMsa020098","article-title":"Controlling tuberculosis in India","volume":"347","author":"GR Khatri","year":"2002","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"pmed.1004409.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijtb.2020.01.007","article-title":"Tapping private health sector for public health program? Findings of a novel intervention to tackle TB in Mumbai, India","volume":"67","author":"V Shibu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Indian J Tuberc"},{"key":"pmed.1004409.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.9745\/GHSP-D-18-00318","article-title":"Successfully Engaging Private Providers to Improve Diagnosis, Notification, and Treatment of TB and Drug-Resistant TB: The EQUIP Public-Private Model in Chennai, India.","volume":"7","author":"R Ananthakrishnan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Glob Health Sci Pract."},{"key":"pmed.1004409.ref020","article-title":"Sample size calculators for designing clinical research","author":"M Kohn","year":"2024","journal-title":"Confidence interval for a proportion [Internet]."},{"key":"pmed.1004409.ref021","first-page":"187","volume-title":"Six theories of child development: Revised formulations and current issues","author":"U. Bronfenbrenner","year":"1992"},{"key":"pmed.1004409.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-13-482","article-title":"Modified social ecological model: a tool to guide the assessment of the risks and risk contexts of HIV epidemics.","volume":"13","author":"S Baral","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"pmed.1004409.ref023","volume-title":"Words matter: suggested language and usage for tuberculosis communications [Internet].","author":"Stop TB Partnership","year":"2022"},{"key":"pmed.1004409.ref024","first-page":"95","article-title":"Knowledge and behaviour of chest symptomatics in urban slum populations of two states in India towards care-seeking","volume":"60","author":"O George","year":"2013","journal-title":"Indian Journal of Tuberculosis"},{"key":"pmed.1004409.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e002555","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2020-002555","article-title":"Understanding why at-risk population segments do not seek care for tuberculosis: a precision public health approach in South India.","volume":"5","author":"S Helfinstein","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ Glob Health"},{"key":"pmed.1004409.ref026","volume-title":"A Baseline Study Report: 2016\u201317.","author":"Karnataka Health Promotion Trust (KHPT).","year":"2018"},{"key":"pmed.1004409.ref027","volume-title":"A Baseline Study Report: 2016\u201317.","author":"Karnataka Health Promotion Trust (KHPT).","year":"2018"},{"key":"pmed.1004409.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e24160","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0024160","article-title":"From where are tuberculosis patients accessing treatment in India? Results from a cross-sectional community based survey of 30 districts","volume":"6","author":"S Satyanarayana","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"pmed.1004409.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0213345","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0213345","article-title":"Patient characteristics, health seeking and delays among new sputum smear positive TB patients identified through active case finding when compared to passive case finding in India.","volume":"14","author":"HD Shewade","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"pmed.1004409.ref030","first-page":"995","article-title":"Health care seeking among individuals with cough and tuberculosis: a population-based study from rural India","volume":"10","author":"G Fochsen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int J Tuberc Lung Dis"},{"key":"pmed.1004409.ref031","first-page":"590","article-title":"Prevalence of chest symptoms amongst brick kiln migrant workers and care seeking behaviour: a study from South India","volume":"37","author":"BE Thomas","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Public Health"},{"key":"pmed.1004409.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0250971","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0250971","article-title":"Understanding health care-seeking behaviour of the tribal population in India among those with presumptive TB symptoms","volume":"16","author":"BE Thomas","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"pmed.1004409.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12379","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0012379","article-title":"Care seeking behavior of chest symptomatics: a community based study done in South India after the implementation of the RNTCP.","volume":"5","author":"N Charles","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"pmed.1004409.ref034","first-page":"173","article-title":"Sociodemographic factors associated with health seeking behavior of chest symptomatics in urban slums of Aurangabad city, India.","volume":"4","author":"V Karanjekar","year":"2014","journal-title":"International Journal of Basic and Applied Medical Sciences"},{"key":"pmed.1004409.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.4103\/0019-557X.70553","article-title":"A study on care seeking behavior of chest symptomatics in a slum of Bankura. West Bengal.","volume":"54","author":"S Ghosh","year":"2010","journal-title":"Indian J Public Health"},{"key":"pmed.1004409.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijtb.2019.09.003","article-title":"Active case finding for Tuberculosis among migrant brick kiln workers in South India.","volume":"67","author":"V Shriraam","year":"2020","journal-title":"Indian J Tuberc"},{"key":"pmed.1004409.ref037","first-page":"1268","article-title":"Health seeking and knowledge about tuberculosis among persons with pulmonary symptoms and tuberculosis cases in Bangalore slums","volume":"12","author":"P Suganthi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int J Tuberc Lung Dis"},{"key":"pmed.1004409.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e033706","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2019-033706","article-title":"Prediagnostic loss to follow-up in an active case finding tuberculosis programme: a mixed-methods study from rural Bihar. India.","volume":"10","author":"T Garg","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"pmed.1004409.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed4040134","article-title":"Active Case Finding for Tuberculosis through TOUCH Agents in Selected High TB Burden Wards of Kolkata, India: A Mixed Methods Study on Outcomes and Implementation Challenges","volume":"4","author":"A Dey","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trop Med Infect Dis"},{"key":"pmed.1004409.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.2991\/jegh.k.200516.001","article-title":"Magnitude and Reasons for Gaps in Tuberculosis Diagnostic Testing and Treatment Initiation: An Operational Research Study from Dakshina Kannada. South India.","volume":"10","author":"IM Ismail","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Glob Health"},{"key":"pmed.1004409.ref041","first-page":"292","article-title":"Utilization of and barriers to public sector tuberculosis services in India.","volume":"17","author":"R Dandona","year":"2004","journal-title":"Natl Med J India"},{"key":"pmed.1004409.ref042","first-page":"S172","article-title":"Factors leading to tuberculosis diagnostic drop-out and delayed treatment initiation in Chennai. India.","volume":"9","author":"V Chandrasekaran","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int J Tuberc Lung Dis"},{"key":"pmed.1004409.ref043","first-page":"208","article-title":"Factors associated with low utilization of x-ray facilities among the sputum negative chest symptomatics in Jalpaiguri district (West Bengal) 2009.","volume":"58","author":"J Sarkar","year":"2011","journal-title":"Indian J Tuberc"},{"key":"pmed.1004409.ref044","first-page":"5632810","article-title":"Chest Radiography and Xpert MTB\/RIF Testing in Persons with Presumptive Pulmonary TB: Gaps and Challenges from a District in Karnataka.","volume":"2020","author":"M Kanakaraju","year":"2020","journal-title":"India. Tuberc Res Treat"},{"key":"pmed.1004409.ref045","first-page":"4","article-title":"Course of action taken by smear negative chest symptomatics: A report from a rural area in South India.","volume":"53","author":"A Thomas","year":"2006","journal-title":"Indian J Tuberc"},{"key":"pmed.1004409.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1237","DOI":"10.5588\/ijtld.14.0218","article-title":"Implementation efficiency of a diagnostic algorithm in sputum smear-negative presumptive tuberculosis patients","volume":"18","author":"VK Chadha","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Tuberc Lung Dis"},{"key":"pmed.1004409.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-017-2191-6","article-title":"High pre-diagnosis attrition among patients with presumptive MDR-TB: an operational research from Bhopal district.","volume":"17","author":"HD Shewade","year":"2017","journal-title":"India. BMC Health Serv Res"},{"key":"pmed.1004409.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0244785","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0244785","article-title":"Implementation of the new integrated algorithm for diagnosis of drug-resistant tuberculosis in Karnataka State, India: How well are we doing?","volume":"16","author":"SU Shankar","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"pmed.1004409.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1093\/trstmh\/trab051","article-title":"Uptake of universal drug susceptibility testing among people with TB in a south Indian district: How are we faring?","volume":"116","author":"R Ranganath","year":"2022","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"pmed.1004409.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jegh.2017.07.001","article-title":"Low pre-diagnosis attrition but high pre-treatment attrition among patients with MDR-TB: An operational research from Chennai. India.","volume":"7","author":"HD Shewade","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Glob Health"},{"key":"pmed.1004409.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.5588\/pha.18.0015","article-title":"Pre-diagnosis attrition in patients with presumptive MDR-TB in Bhopal, India, 2015: a follow-up study.","volume":"8","author":"S Natrajan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Public Health Action"},{"key":"pmed.1004409.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.5588\/pha.14.0098","article-title":"MDR-TB screening in a setting with molecular diagnostic techniques: who got tested, who didn\u2019t and why?","volume":"5","author":"HD Shewade","year":"2015","journal-title":"Public Health Action"},{"key":"pmed.1004409.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.5588\/pha.16.0075","article-title":"MDR-TB in Puducherry, India: reduction in attrition and turnaround time in the diagnosis and treatment pathway.","volume":"6","author":"HD Shewade","year":"2016","journal-title":"Public Health Action."},{"key":"pmed.1004409.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e26659","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0026659","article-title":"Operational challenges in diagnosing multi-drug resistant TB and initiating treatment in Andhra Pradesh. India.","volume":"6","author":"SS Chadha","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"pmed.1004409.ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.4103\/jpgm.JPGM_1105_20","article-title":"Effect of mobile voice calls on treatment initiation among patients diagnosed with tuberculosis in a tertiary care hospital of Puducherry: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"67","author":"MG Majella","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Postgrad Med"},{"key":"pmed.1004409.ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"886","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.13086","article-title":"Tuberculosis patients not covered by treatment in public health services: findings from India\u2019s National Family Health Survey 2015\u201316","volume":"23","author":"G Pardeshi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"key":"pmed.1004409.ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-018-3039-3","article-title":"Pretreatment loss to follow-up of tuberculosis patients in Chennai, India: a cohort study with implications for health systems strengthening.","volume":"18","author":"BE Thomas","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis."},{"key":"pmed.1004409.ref058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.5455\/ijmsph.2015.30012015196","article-title":"Initial default among tuberculosis patients diagnosed in selected medical colleges of Puducherry: issues and possible interventions","volume":"4","author":"D Pillai","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Med Sci Public Health"},{"key":"pmed.1004409.ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.3329\/seajph.v4i1.21839","article-title":"Magnitude and reasons of initial default among new sputum positive cases of pulmonary tuberculosis under RNTCP in a district of West Bengal, India.","volume":"4","author":"A Mandal","year":"2014","journal-title":"South East Asia Journal of Public Health."},{"key":"pmed.1004409.ref060","first-page":"S469","article-title":"Knowing more about initial default among diagnosed sputum smear-positive pulmonary tuberculosis patients in Gujarat. India.","volume":"17","author":"P Dave","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Tuberc Lung Dis"},{"key":"pmed.1004409.ref061","first-page":"1055","article-title":"Initial default among diagnosed sputum smear-positive pulmonary tuberculosis patients in Andhra Pradesh. India.","volume":"12","author":"B Sai Babu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int J Tuberc Lung Dis"},{"key":"pmed.1004409.ref062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1093\/trstmh\/trt065","article-title":"Initial default among sputum-positive pulmonary TB patients at a referral hospital in Uttarakhand, India","volume":"107","author":"D Mehra","year":"2013","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"pmed.1004409.ref063","first-page":"153","article-title":"Failure to initiate treatment for tuberculosis patients diagnosed in a community survey and at health facilities under a DOTS program in a district of south India","volume":"52","author":"P Gopi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Indian J Tuberc"},{"key":"pmed.1004409.ref064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.3855\/jidc.1895","article-title":"Diagnostic defaulters: an overlooked aspect in the Indian Revised National Tuberculosis Control Program","volume":"6","author":"J Rawat","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Infect Dev Ctries"},{"key":"pmed.1004409.ref065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.5588\/pha.18.0003","article-title":"Delay and attrition before treatment initiation among MDR-TB patients in five districts of Gujarat. India.","volume":"8","author":"HD Shewade","year":"2018","journal-title":"Public Health Action"},{"key":"pmed.1004409.ref066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.4103\/jgid.jgid_146_19","article-title":"Perceived discrimination among tuberculosis patients in an urban area of Kolkata City. India.","volume":"12","author":"S Banerjee","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Global Infect Dis"},{"key":"pmed.1004409.ref067","first-page":"323","article-title":"Gender disparities in tuberculosis: report from a rural DOTS programme in south India","volume":"8","author":"R Balasubramanian","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int J Tuberc Lung Dis"},{"key":"pmed.1004409.ref068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jegh.2017.02.002","article-title":"Magnitude and determinants of adverse treatment outcomes among tuberculosis patients registered under Revised National Tuberculosis Control Program in a Tuberculosis Unit, Wardha, Central India: A record-based cohort study.","volume":"7","author":"A Mundra","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Glob Health."},{"key":"pmed.1004409.ref069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e76275","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0076275","article-title":"Outcome of Tuberculosis Treatment in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus Treated in the Revised National Tuberculosis Control Programme in Malappuram District, Kerala, India.","volume":"8","author":"K Nandakumar","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"pmed.1004409.ref070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1093\/trstmh\/trt094","article-title":"Profile and treatment outcomes of elderly patients with tuberculosis in Delhi, India: implications for their management","volume":"107","author":"S Patra","year":"2013","journal-title":"Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"},{"key":"pmed.1004409.ref071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.5530\/jyp.2019.11.14","article-title":"Assessment of Success Rate of Directly Observed Treatment Short-Course (DOTS) in Tuberculosis Patients of South India.","volume":"11","author":"R Prudhivi","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Young Pharm"},{"key":"pmed.1004409.ref072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1158","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-020-09257-5","article-title":"Is a differentiated care model needed for patients with TB? A cohort analysis of risk factors contributing to unfavourable outcomes among TB patients in two states in South India.","volume":"20","author":"R Washington","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"pmed.1004409.ref073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"04042","DOI":"10.7189\/jogh.11.04042","article-title":"Community health workers augment the cascade of TB detection to care in urban slums of two metro cities in India.","volume":"11","author":"RS Potty","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Glob Health"},{"key":"pmed.1004409.ref074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1093\/pubmed\/fdac062","article-title":"Effect of treatment adherence on the association between sex and unfavourable treatment outcomes among tuberculosis patients in Puducherry, India: a mediation analysis.","volume":"45","author":"A Barathi","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Public Health."},{"key":"pmed.1004409.ref075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-023-08418-2","article-title":"Impact of the 99DOTS digital adherence technology on tuberculosis treatment outcomes in North India: a pre-post study","volume":"23","author":"AZ Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"pmed.1004409.ref076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_1331_22","article-title":"Treatment outcomes and associated factors among patients with drug-sensitive tuberculosis on daily fixed-dose combination drugs: A cohort study from Ahmedabad. India.","volume":"12","author":"AC Prajapati","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Family Med Prim Care"},{"key":"pmed.1004409.ref077","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1483","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciac915","article-title":"Impact of Undernutrition on Tuberculosis Treatment Outcomes in India: A Multicenter, Prospective. Cohort Analysis","volume":"76","author":"P Sinha","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"pmed.1004409.ref078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e8873","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0008873","article-title":"Risk Factors for Treatment Default among Re-Treatment Tuberculosis Patients in India, 2006.","volume":"5","author":"UM Jha","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"pmed.1004409.ref079","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e76189","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0076189","article-title":"The Impact of Isoniazid Resistance on the Treatment Outcomes of Smear Positive Re-Treatment Tuberculosis Patients in the State of Andhra Pradesh. India.","volume":"8","author":"D Deepa","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"pmed.1004409.ref080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e108186","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0108186","article-title":"Self-Administered Tuberculosis Treatment Outcomes in a Tribal Population on the Indo-Myanmar Border, Nagaland. India.","volume":"9","author":"M Das","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"pmed.1004409.ref081","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0249225","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0249225","article-title":"Case fatality and recurrent tuberculosis among patients managed in the private sector: A cohort study in Patna. India.","volume":"16","author":"S Huddart","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"pmed.1004409.ref082","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e77979","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0077979","article-title":"Nutritional status of adult patients with pulmonary tuberculosis in rural central India and its association with mortality","volume":"8","author":"A Bhargava","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"pmed.1004409.ref083","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4081\/monaldi.2021.1555","article-title":"Treatment success rates among tuberculosis patients notified from the private sector in West Bengal, India.","volume":"91","author":"V Sharma","year":"2021","journal-title":"Monaldi Arch Chest Dis."},{"key":"pmed.1004409.ref084","first-page":"64","article-title":"Survival of tuberculosis patients treated under DOTS in a rural tuberculosis unit (TU). South India.","volume":"55","author":"M Vasantha","year":"2008","journal-title":"Indian J Tuberc."},{"key":"pmed.1004409.ref085","article-title":"Nutritional status and adherence to anti-tubercular treatment among tuberculosis patients in a community development block of Eastern India","author":"S Islam","journal-title":"Indian J Tuberc"},{"key":"pmed.1004409.ref086","first-page":"807","article-title":"Association of conversion & cure with initial smear grading among new smear positive pulmonary tuberculosis patients treated with Category I regimen","volume":"123","author":"PG Gopi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Indian J Med Res"},{"key":"pmed.1004409.ref087","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ofab190","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofab190","article-title":"Understanding Nonadherence to Tuberculosis Medications in India Using Urine Drug Metabolite Testing: A Cohort Study.","volume":"8","author":"R Subbaraman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Open Forum. Infect Dis"},{"key":"pmed.1004409.ref088","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.4103\/jgid.jgid_66_19","article-title":"Are Treatment Outcomes of Patients with Tuberculosis Detected by Active Case Finding Different From Those Detected by Passive Case Finding?","volume":"12","author":"M Singh","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Glob Infect Dis."},{"key":"pmed.1004409.ref089","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mjafi.2017.07.008","article-title":"Determinants of adverse treatment outcomes among patients treated under Revised National Tuberculosis Control Program in Wardha, India: Case\u2013control study.","volume":"74","author":"A Mundra","year":"2018","journal-title":"Med J Armed Forces India."},{"key":"pmed.1004409.ref090","first-page":"1153","article-title":"Factors affecting tuberculosis retreatment defaults in Nanded, India.","volume":"41","author":"VM Bhagat","year":"2010","journal-title":"Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health"},{"key":"pmed.1004409.ref091","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-14-418","article-title":"Tuberculosis treatment discontinuation and symptom persistence: an observational study of Bihar, India\u2019s public care system covering >100,000,000 inhabitants.","volume":"14","author":"KS Babiarz","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Public Health."},{"key":"pmed.1004409.ref092","first-page":"53","article-title":"Treatment Outcome Among the Retreatment Tuberculosis (TB) Patients under RNTCP in Chandigarh. India.","volume":"8","author":"SS Sarpal","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Clin Diagn Res."},{"key":"pmed.1004409.ref093","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.47203\/IJCH.2022.v34i04.016","article-title":"Drug adherence to anti-tubercular treatment during COVID-19 lockdown in Haldwani block of Nainital district.","volume":"34","author":"M Maroof","year":"2022","journal-title":"Indian J Community Health"},{"key":"pmed.1004409.ref094","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101338","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cegh.2023.101338","article-title":"Effect of depression on treatment adherence among elderly tuberculosis patients: A prospective interventional study","volume":"22","author":"D Panati","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Epidemiol Glob Health"},{"key":"pmed.1004409.ref095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.5588\/ijtld.21.0266","article-title":"TB case fatality and recurrence in a private sector cohort in Mumbai. India.","volume":"25","author":"S Huddart","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Tuberc Lung Dis"},{"key":"pmed.1004409.ref096","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.5588\/pha.18.0038","article-title":"Tuberculosis retreatment outcomes and associated factors: a mixed-methods study from Puducherry. India.","volume":"8","author":"A Velavan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Public Health Action"},{"key":"pmed.1004409.ref097","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e060363","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2021-060363","article-title":"Profile and treatment outcomes among young patients with tuberculosis aged 15\u201324 years in Faridabad district of Haryana. India","volume":"12","author":"BD Kamble","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ Open."},{"key":"pmed.1004409.ref098","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/7273935","article-title":"Effect of Diabetes Mellitus on Tuberculosis Treatment Outcome and Adverse Reactions in Patients Receiving Directly Observed Treatment Strategy in India: A Prospective Study.","volume":"2016","author":"AN Siddiqui","year":"2016","journal-title":"BioMed Res Int"},{"key":"pmed.1004409.ref099","article-title":"Factors affecting tuberculosis treatment outcome among newly diagnosed tuberculosis patients\u2013A longitudinal study","author":"A Umayorubhagom","journal-title":"Indian J Tuberc"},{"key":"pmed.1004409.ref100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1050","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.19-0415","article-title":"Predictors of Loss to Follow-Up among Men with Tuberculosis in Puducherry and Tamil Nadu, India","volume":"103","author":"TJ Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"pmed.1004409.ref101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jctube.2021.100281","article-title":"Depression among Tuberculosis patients and its association with treatment outcomes in district Srinagar","volume":"25","author":"A Rouf","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Tuberc Other Mycobact Dis"},{"key":"pmed.1004409.ref102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmyco.2013.08.002","article-title":"Sputum smear positivity at two months in previously untreated pulmonary tuberculosis patients","volume":"2","author":"R Singla","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Mycobacteriol"},{"key":"pmed.1004409.ref103","first-page":"976","article-title":"Seven-year DOTS-Plus pilot experience in India: results, constraints and issues","volume":"13","author":"R Singla","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int J Tuberc Lung Dis"},{"key":"pmed.1004409.ref104","first-page":"66","article-title":"Risk factors for non-adherence to directly observed treatment (DOT) in a rural tuberculosis unit.","volume":"54","author":"PG Gopi","year":"2007","journal-title":"South India. Indian J Tuberc"},{"key":"pmed.1004409.ref105","first-page":"2410","article-title":"Assessment of patient related risk factors pertaining to default and non-default among study population.","volume":"13","author":"MV Ahmed","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Pharm Negat Results"},{"key":"pmed.1004409.ref106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0200150","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0200150","article-title":"Recurrence of tuberculosis among newly diagnosed sputum positive pulmonary tuberculosis patients treated under the Revised National Tuberculosis Control Programme, India: A multi-centric prospective study.","volume":"13","author":"B Velayutham","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"pmed.1004409.ref107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1463","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciz380","article-title":"Subtherapeutic Rifampicin Concentration Is Associated With Unfavorable Tuberculosis Treatment Outcomes","volume":"70","author":"G Ramachandran","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"pmed.1004409.ref108","first-page":"962","article-title":"A community based case control study on risk factors for treatment interruptions in people with tuberculosis in Kollam district, Kerala, southern India.","volume":"3","author":"S M","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Community Med. Public Health"},{"key":"pmed.1004409.ref109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e10043","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0010043","article-title":"Risk Factors Associated with Default among New Smear Positive TB Patients Treated Under DOTS in India.","volume":"5","author":"S Vijay","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"pmed.1004409.ref110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.109006.1","article-title":"Appraisal on patient compliance and factors influencing the daily regimen of anti-tubercular drugs in Mangalore city: A cross-sectional study.","volume":"11","author":"R Motappa","year":"2022","journal-title":"F1000Res"},{"key":"pmed.1004409.ref111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ofab097","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofab097","article-title":"Diabetes Mellitus and Tuberculosis Treatment Outcomes in Pune, India.","volume":"8","author":"V Mave","year":"2021","journal-title":"Open Forum. Infect Dis"},{"key":"pmed.1004409.ref112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.22159\/ijcpr.2021v13i2.41550","article-title":"Evaluation of non-adherence to antitubercular drugs among tuberculosis patients: a prospective study","volume":"13","author":"S Lata","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Curr Pharm Res"},{"key":"pmed.1004409.ref113","first-page":"130","article-title":"Reasons for non-compliance among patients treated under Revised National Tuberculosis Control Programme (RNTCP), Tiruvallur district, south India.","volume":"54","author":"K Jaggarajamma","year":"2007","journal-title":"Indian J Tuberc."},{"key":"pmed.1004409.ref114","first-page":"11","article-title":"Reasons for interruption of anti-tubercular treatment as reported by patients with tuberculosis admitted in a tertiary care institute","volume":"58","author":"S Gupta","year":"2011","journal-title":"Indian J Tuberc"},{"key":"pmed.1004409.ref115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.4103\/0970-0218.80789","article-title":"Noncompliance to DOTS: How it can be decreased.","volume":"36","author":"C Mittal","year":"2011","journal-title":"Indian J Community Med."},{"key":"pmed.1004409.ref116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2245","DOI":"10.5958\/0974-360X.2019.00374.3","article-title":"A Study on Treatment Defaulters in Tuberculosis Patients on DOTS Therapy.","volume":"12","author":"M Shabil","year":"2019","journal-title":"Res J Pharm Technol"},{"key":"pmed.1004409.ref117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2220","DOI":"10.18203\/2320-6012.ijrms20192542","article-title":"Study of various reasons for interruption of anti-tubercular treatment in patients of tuberculosis reporting to tertiary care center of west Rajasthan","volume":"7","author":"GS Yadav","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Res Med Sci"},{"key":"pmed.1004409.ref118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.4103\/2141-9248.109507","article-title":"Non-adherence of new pulmonary tuberculosis patients to anti-tuberculosis treatment","volume":"3","author":"P Kulkarni","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann Med Health Sci Res"},{"key":"pmed.1004409.ref119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.4103\/0976-9668.136213","article-title":"An epidemiological study of newly diagnosed sputum positive tuberculosis patients in Dhubri district, Assam, India and the factors influencing their compliance to treatment.","volume":"5","author":"F Zaman","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Nat Sc Biol Med."},{"key":"pmed.1004409.ref120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijtb.2021.06.001","article-title":"Treatment adherence status of the TB patients notified from private sector and its associated factors: Findings of a secondary data analysis from West Bengal. India.","volume":"69","author":"A Dey","year":"2022","journal-title":"Indian J Tuberc"},{"key":"pmed.1004409.ref121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_1027_20","article-title":"A comparative study of factors for interruption of antitubercular treatment among defaulters in urban and rural areas of Kamrup District. Assam.","volume":"10","author":"M Ahmed","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Family Med Prim Care"},{"key":"pmed.1004409.ref122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijtb.2021.08.033","article-title":"Non-adherence to anti-tubercular treatment during COVID-19 pandemic in Raipur district Central India.","volume":"69","author":"S Jaiswal","year":"2022","journal-title":"Indian J Tuberc."},{"key":"pmed.1004409.ref123","first-page":"223","article-title":"Determinants of Poor Adherence to Anti-Tuberculosis Treatment in Mumbai. India.","volume":"1","author":"S Bagchi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Prev Med"},{"key":"pmed.1004409.ref124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.5588\/ijtld.20.0778","article-title":"Unhealthy alcohol use independently associated with unfavorable TB treatment outcomes among Indian men","volume":"25","author":"SR Cox","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Tuberc Lung Dis"},{"key":"pmed.1004409.ref125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-023-08396-5","article-title":"Free drug provision for tuberculosis increases patient follow-ups and successful treatment outcomes in the Indian private sector: a quasi experimental study using propensity score matching","volume":"23","author":"R Sodhi","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"pmed.1004409.ref126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.22.288237","article-title":"Tuberculosis treatment outcomes and patient support groups, southern India","volume":"101","author":"RS Potty","year":"2023","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"pmed.1004409.ref127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1656451","DOI":"10.1080\/16549716.2019.1656451","article-title":"Active versus passive case finding for tuberculosis in marginalised and vulnerable populations in India: comparison of treatment outcomes","volume":"12","author":"HD Shewade","year":"2019","journal-title":"Global Health Action"},{"key":"pmed.1004409.ref128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0193903","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0193903","article-title":"Unacceptable treatment outcomes and associated factors among India\u2019s initial cohorts of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) patients under the revised national TB control programme (2007\u20132011): Evidence leading to policy enhancement.","volume":"13","author":"MM Parmar","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"pmed.1004409.ref129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.4103\/ijmr.IJMR_1048_18","article-title":"Trends & treatment outcomes of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in Delhi, India (2009\u20132014): A retrospective record-based study.","volume":"151","author":"N Sharma","year":"2020","journal-title":"Indian J Med Res"},{"key":"pmed.1004409.ref130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1093\/trstmh\/trw060","article-title":"Impact of rapid molecular diagnostic tests on time to treatment initiation and outcomes in patients with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis, Tamil Nadu, India","volume":"110","author":"D Nair","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"pmed.1004409.ref131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijtb.2018.05.020","article-title":"Impact of integrated psycho-socio-economic support on treatment outcome in drug resistant tuberculosis\u2013A retrospective cohort study.","volume":"66","author":"R Bhatt","year":"2019","journal-title":"Indian J Tuberc"},{"key":"pmed.1004409.ref132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijtb.2017.04.001","article-title":"Factors affecting outcomes of individualised treatment for drug resistant tuberculosis in an endemic region","volume":"66","author":"A Saha","year":"2019","journal-title":"Indian J Tuberc"},{"key":"pmed.1004409.ref133","first-page":"109","article-title":"Does Drug-Resistant Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis Hinder TB Elimination Plans? A Case from Delhi.","volume":"5","author":"S Lohiya","year":"2020","journal-title":"India. Trop Med Infect Dis"},{"key":"pmed.1004409.ref134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.4103\/ijmy.ijmy_244_21","article-title":"Predictors of treatment outcomes in drug resistant tuberculosis-observational retrospective study.","volume":"11","author":"JM Johnson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Mycobacteriol"},{"key":"pmed.1004409.ref135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0132543","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0132543","article-title":"Loss-To-Follow-Up on Multidrug Resistant Tuberculosis Treatment in Gujarat, India: The WHEN and WHO of It.","volume":"10","author":"KS Shringarpure","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"pmed.1004409.ref136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijtb.2017.12.015","article-title":"Factors predicting treatment success in multi-drug resistant tuberculosis patients treated under programmatic conditions","volume":"65","author":"AK Janmeja","year":"2018","journal-title":"Indian J Tuberc"},{"key":"pmed.1004409.ref137","first-page":"4662","article-title":"Predictors of Unfavorable Treatment Outcome in Patients with Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis: A Prospective Study.","volume":"9","author":"Y Kalagani","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur J Mol Clin Med"},{"key":"pmed.1004409.ref138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.4103\/0970-258X.308234","article-title":"Adverse drug reactions and risk factors for discontinuation of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis regimens in Gujarat, western India.","volume":"33","author":"M Rupani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Natl Med J India."},{"key":"pmed.1004409.ref139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.201312-447OC","article-title":"Does Alcohol Consumption during Multidrug-resistant Tuberculosis Treatment Affect Outcome?. A Population-based Study in Kerala, India.","volume":"11","author":"K Duraisamy","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann Am Thorac Soc."},{"key":"pmed.1004409.ref140","article-title":"Factors affecting the treatment outcome of injection based shorter MDR-TB regimen at a referral centre in India.","volume":"93","author":"R Singla","year":"2022","journal-title":"Monaldi Arch Chest Dis."},{"key":"pmed.1004409.ref141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.5588\/ijtld.21.0701","article-title":"Factors influencing treatment outcomes in patients with isoniazid-resistant pulmonary TB","volume":"26","author":"B Velayutham","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Tuberc Lung Dis"},{"key":"pmed.1004409.ref142","first-page":"18","article-title":"Clinical Profile and Treatment Outcome of Drug Resistant Tuberculosis Patients of Western Maharashtra.","volume":"65","author":"SS Dole","year":"2017","journal-title":"India. J Assoc Physicians India"},{"key":"pmed.1004409.ref143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pulmoe.2020.09.006","article-title":"Treatment interruption patterns and adverse events among patients on bedaquiline containing regimen under programmatic conditions in India.","volume":"28","author":"S Natarajan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pulmonology"},{"key":"pmed.1004409.ref144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.4103\/ijcm.IJCM_152_17","article-title":"Sputum Smear and Culture Conversion in Multidrug Resistance Tuberculosis Patients in Seven Districts of Central Gujarat, India: A Longitudinal Study.","volume":"43","author":"SV Patel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Indian J Community Med."},{"key":"pmed.1004409.ref145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e21008","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0021008","article-title":"Treatment Outcome and Mortality at One and Half Year Follow-Up of HIV Infected TB Patients Under TB Control Programme in a District of South India.","volume":"6","author":"S Vijay","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"pmed.1004409.ref146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2015.03.006","article-title":"Treatment outcome and its attributes in TB-HIV co-infected patients registered under Revised National TB Control Program: a retrospective cohort analysis.","volume":"129","author":"NN Ambadekar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Public Health."},{"key":"pmed.1004409.ref147","first-page":"154","article-title":"Clinical profile & predictors of poor outcome of adult HIV-tuberculosis patients in a tertiary care centre in north India","volume":"139","author":"SK Sharma","year":"2014","journal-title":"Indian J Med Res"},{"key":"pmed.1004409.ref148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijtb.2021.03.003","article-title":"Risk factors for non-adherence among people with HIV-associated TB in Karnataka, India: A case-control study.","volume":"69","author":"TS Ranganath","year":"2022","journal-title":"Indian J Tuberc"},{"key":"pmed.1004409.ref149","article-title":"Clinicodemographic profile and outcome of tuberculosis treatment in TB-HIV co-infected patients receiving daily ATT under a single window TB\/HIV services delivery initiative.","volume":"93","author":"D Maji","year":"2022","journal-title":"Monaldi Arch Chest Dis"},{"key":"pmed.1004409.ref150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0246639","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0246639","article-title":"Treatment outcomes of children and adolescents receiving drug-resistant TB treatment in a routine TB programme, Mumbai. India.","volume":"16","author":"S Dhakulkar","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"pmed.1004409.ref151","first-page":"556","article-title":"Predictors of relapse among pulmonary tuberculosis patients treated in a DOTS programme in South India.","volume":"9","author":"A Thomas","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int J Tuberc Lung Dis"},{"key":"pmed.1004409.ref152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.5588\/ijtld.18.0551","article-title":"Respiratory health status is associated with treatment outcomes in pulmonary tuberculosis","volume":"23","author":"AN Gupte","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Tuberc Lung Dis"},{"key":"pmed.1004409.ref153","first-page":"83","article-title":"Morbidity and mortality at five years after initiating Category I treatment among patients with new sputum smear positive pulmonary tuberculosis","volume":"59","author":"PV Lisha","year":"2012","journal-title":"Indian J Tuberc"},{"key":"pmed.1004409.ref154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.4068\/cmj.2015.51.2.86","article-title":"Prevalence of Smoking and Its Impact on Treatment Outcomes in Newly Diagnosed Pulmonary Tuberculosis Patients: A Hospital-Based Prospective Study.","volume":"51","author":"V Mahishale","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chonnam Med J"},{"key":"pmed.1004409.ref155","first-page":"199","article-title":"Status of smear-positive TB patients at 2\u20133 years after initiation of treatment under a DOTS programme.","volume":"54","author":"K Sadacharam","year":"2007","journal-title":"Indian J Tuberc"},{"key":"pmed.1004409.ref156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.07.067","article-title":"Long-term Survival of Treated Tuberculosis Patients in Comparison to a General Population In South India: A Matched Cohort Study","volume":"110","author":"S Selvaraju","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"key":"pmed.1004409.ref157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.05.022087","article-title":"Mortality of tuberculosis patients in Chennai. India","volume":"84","author":"C Kolappan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"pmed.1004409.ref158","first-page":"81","article-title":"Excess mortality and risk factors for mortality among a cohort of TB patients from rural south India","volume":"12","author":"C Kolappan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int J Tuberc Lung Dis"},{"key":"pmed.1004409.ref159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-019-4169-y","article-title":"Tuberculosis treatment in the private healthcare sector in India: an analysis of recent trends and volumes using drug sales data","volume":"19","author":"N Arinaminpathy","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"pmed.1004409.ref160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e002255","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2019-002255","article-title":"Missing men with tuberculosis: the need to address structural influences and implement targeted and multidimensional interventions","volume":"5","author":"J Chikovore","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ Glob Health"},{"key":"pmed.1004409.ref161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1002119","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002119","article-title":"Sex Differences in Tuberculosis Burden and Notifications in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.","volume":"13","author":"KC Horton","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"pmed.1004409.ref162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0212264","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0212264","article-title":"Sub-national TB prevalence surveys in India, 2006\u20132012: Results of uniformly conducted data analysis.","volume":"14","author":"VK Chadha","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"pmed.1004409.ref163","volume-title":"National TB Prevalence Survey in India 2019\u20132021 Summary Report [Internet]","author":"Indian Council of Medical Research","year":"2022"},{"key":"pmed.1004409.ref164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0183240","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0183240","article-title":"Tuberculosis patients in an Indian mega-city: Where do they live and where are they diagnosed?","volume":"12","author":"R Subbaraman","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"pmed.1004409.ref165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e033158","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2019-033158","article-title":"Cash transfer scheme for people with tuberculosis treated by the National TB Programme in Western India: a mixed methods study","volume":"9","author":"BH Patel","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"pmed.1004409.ref166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)01231-X","article-title":"Nutritional supplementation to prevent tuberculosis incidence in household contacts of patients with pulmonary tuberculosis in India (RATIONS): a field-based, open-label, cluster-randomised, controlled trial.","volume":"402","author":"A Bhargava","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"pmed.1004409.ref167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciab1033","article-title":"Nutritional Supplementation Would Be Cost-Effective for Reducing Tuberculosis Incidence and Mortality in India: The Ration Optimization to Impede Tuberculosis (ROTI-TB) Model.","volume":"75","author":"P Sinha","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"pmed.1004409.ref168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.5588\/ijtld.13.0585","article-title":"Delays in diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis in India: a systematic review","volume":"18","author":"CT Sreeramareddy","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Tuberc Lung Dis"},{"key":"pmed.1004409.ref169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e001974","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2019-001974","article-title":"Understanding pretreatment loss to follow-up of tuberculosis patients: an explanatory qualitative study in Chennai. India.","volume":"5","author":"BE Thomas","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ Glob Health"},{"key":"pmed.1004409.ref170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0132573","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0132573","article-title":"Theory-Informed Interventions to Improve the Quality of Tuberculosis Evaluation at Ugandan Health Centers: A Quasi-Experimental Study.","volume":"10","author":"LH Chaisson","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"pmed.1004409.ref171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ofab532","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofab532","article-title":"Measuring Tuberculosis Medication Adherence: A Comparison of Multiple Approaches in Relation to Urine Isoniazid Metabolite Testing Within a Cohort Study in India.","volume":"8","author":"R Subbaraman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect Dis"},{"key":"pmed.1004409.ref172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e513","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa333","article-title":"Evaluation of the Accuracy of 99DOTS, a Novel Cellphone-based Strategy for Monitoring Adherence to Tuberculosis Medications: Comparison of DigitalAdherence Data With Urine Isoniazid Testing","volume":"71","author":"BE Thomas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"pmed.1004409.ref173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1013","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.13824","article-title":"Level of adherence to anti-tubercular treatment among drug-sensitive tuberculosis patients on a newly introduced daily dose regimen in South India: A cross-sectional study","volume":"27","author":"R Thamineni","year":"2022","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"key":"pmed.1004409.ref174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1186\/s13643-023-02285-3","article-title":"Overcoming challenges in conducting systematic reviews in implementation science: a methods commentary","volume":"12","author":"A Chapman","year":"2023","journal-title":"Syst Rev"},{"issue":"Suppl 3","key":"pmed.1004409.ref175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S199","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000002202","article-title":"Understanding HIV Program Effects: A Structural Approach to Context Using the Transportability Framework.","volume":"82","author":"ML Mehrotra","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr."},{"key":"pmed.1004409.ref176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0135802","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0135802","article-title":"Patient and Provider Reported Reasons for Lost to Follow Up in MDRTB Treatment: A Qualitative Study from a Drug Resistant TB Centre in India.","volume":"10","author":"RD Deshmukh","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"pmed.1004409.ref177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1718","DOI":"10.1080\/17441692.2020.1751235","article-title":"Challenges in accessing and utilising health services for women accessing DOTS TB services in Kolkata. India.","volume":"15","author":"R Mukerji","year":"2020","journal-title":"Glob Public Health"},{"key":"pmed.1004409.ref178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100372","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lansea.2024.100372","article-title":"Self-driven solutions and resilience adapted by people with drug-resistant tuberculosis and their caregivers in Bengaluru and Hyderabad, India: a qualitative study.","volume":"22","author":"K Nagarajan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Reg Health Southeast Asia."},{"key":"pmed.1004409.ref179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1305","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(15)00077-8","article-title":"Use of standardised patients to assess quality of tuberculosis care: a pilot, cross-sectional study.","volume":"15","author":"J Das","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis."},{"key":"pmed.1004409.ref180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1261","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(16)30215-8","article-title":"Use of standardised patients to assess antibiotic dispensing for tuberculosis by pharmacies in urban India: a cross-sectional study","volume":"16","author":"S Satyanarayana","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"pmed.1004409.ref181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1002653","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002653","article-title":"Variations in the quality of tuberculosis care in urban India: A cross-sectional, standardized patient study in two cities.","volume":"15","author":"A Kwan","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS Med."},{"key":"pmed.1004409.ref182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e633","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(19)30031-2","article-title":"Use of standardised patients to assess gender differences in quality of tuberculosis care in urban India: a two-city, cross-sectional study.","volume":"7","author":"B Daniels","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health."}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1004409","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,11]],"date-time":"2024-06-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1718064000000}}],"container-title":["PLOS Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pmed.1004409","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,11]],"date-time":"2024-06-11T14:33:42Z","timestamp":1718116422000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pmed.1004409"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Amitabh Bipin","family":"Suthar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,28]]},"references-count":182,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,28]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pmed.1004409","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/2023.05.12.23288882","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1549-1676"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1549-1676","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,28]]}}}