{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T12:01:01Z","timestamp":1789214461192,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":133,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,12]],"date-time":"2024-08-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1723420800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002784","name":"Canada Excellence Research Chairs, Government of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2019-00019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019-00019"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002784","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000226","name":"Ontario Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["725A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["725A"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosmedicine.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Med"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is disproportionately prevalent among individuals who intersect or are involved with the criminal justice system (CJS). In the absence of appropriate care, TBI-related impairments, intersecting social determinants of health, and the lack of TBI awareness in CJS settings can lead to lengthened sentences, serious disciplinary charges, and recidivism. However, evidence suggests that most clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) overlook equity and consequently, the needs of disadvantaged groups. As such, this review addressed the research question \u201cTo what extent are (1) intersections with the CJS considered in CPGs for TBI, (2) TBI considered in CPGs for CJS, and (3) equity considered in CPGs for CJS?\u201d.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Methods and findings<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>CPGs were identified from electronic databases (MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, PsycINFO), targeted websites, Google Search, and reference lists of identified CPGs on November 2021 and March 2023 (CPGs for TBI) and May 2022 and March 2023 (CPGs for CJS). Only CPGs for TBI or CPGs for CJS were included. We calculated the proportion of CPGs that included TBI- or CJS-specific content, conducted a qualitative content analysis to understand how evidence regarding TBI and the CJS was integrated in the CPGs, and utilised equity assessment tools to understand if and how equity was considered. Fifty-seven CPGs for TBI and 6 CPGs for CJS were included in this review. Fourteen CPGs for TBI included information relevant to the CJS, but only 1 made a concrete recommendation to consider legal implications during vocational evaluation in the forensic context. Two CPGs for CJS acknowledged the prevalence of TBI among individuals in prison and one specifically recommended considering TBI during health assessments. Both CPGs for TBI and CPGs for CJS provided evidence specific to a single facet of the CJS, predominantly in policing and corrections. The use of equity best practices and the involvement of disadvantaged groups in the development process were lacking among CPGs for CJS. We acknowledge limitations of the review, including that our searches were conducted in English language and thus, we may have missed other non-English language CPGs in this review. We further recognise that we are unable to comment on evidence that is not integrated in the CPGs, as we did not systematically search for research on individuals with TBI who intersect with the CJS, outside of CPGs.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Findings from this review provide the foundation to consider CJS involvement in CPGs for TBI and to advance equity in CPGs for CJS. Conducting research, including investigating the process of screening for TBI with individuals who intersect with all facets of the CJS, and utilizing equity assessment tools in guideline development are critical steps to enhance equity in healthcare for this disadvantaged group.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1004418","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,12]],"date-time":"2024-08-12T23:16:42Z","timestamp":1723504602000},"page":"e1004418","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pmed.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Equity considerations in clinical practice guidelines for traumatic brain injury and the criminal justice system: A systematic review"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-8443-862X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Zoe","family":"Colclough","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6398-0964","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Maria Jennifer","family":"Estrella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5725-7999","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Julie Michele","family":"Joyce","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Hanafy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4770-0579","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jessica","family":"Babineau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angela","family":"Colantonio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6884-044X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Vincy","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,12]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"pmed.1004418.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1080","DOI":"10.3171\/2017.10.JNS17352","article-title":"Estimating the global incidence of traumatic brain injury","volume":"130","author":"MC Dewan","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"issue":"1","key":"pmed.1004418.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2013.2997","article-title":"Longitudinal follow-up of patients with traumatic brain injury: outcome at two, five, and ten years post-injury","volume":"31","author":"JL Ponsford","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"key":"pmed.1004418.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2019.00120","article-title":"A Detailed Overview of Long-Term Outcomes in Severe Traumatic Brain Injury Eight Years Post-injury","volume":"10","author":"A Ruet","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pmed.1004418.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rehab.2017.02.003","article-title":"History of traumatic brain injury in prison populations: A systematic review","volume":"60","author":"E Durand","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann Phys Rehabil Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"pmed.1004418.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2011.01.007","article-title":"Prevalence of traumatic brain injury in incarcerated groups compared to the general population: A meta-analysis","volume":"35","author":"TJ Farrer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Prog Neuro-Psychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"pmed.1004418.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1097\/HTR.0000000000000124","article-title":"The Prevalence of Traumatic Brain Injury Among Young Offenders in Custody: A Systematic Review","volume":"30","author":"N Hughes","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Head Trauma Rehabil"},{"issue":"4","key":"pmed.1004418.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1097\/HTR.0000000000000354","article-title":"Prevalence of Head Injury and Associated Disability in Prison Populations: A Systematic Review","volume":"33","author":"CR Moynan","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Head Trauma Rehabil"},{"issue":"2","key":"pmed.1004418.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1177\/1078345809356538","article-title":"Prevalence of Traumatic Brain Injury in an Offender Population: A Meta-Analysis","volume":"16","author":"EJ Shiroma","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Correct Health Care"},{"issue":"12","key":"pmed.1004418.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1679","DOI":"10.1177\/00938548211010316","article-title":"Traumatic Brain Injury in Community Corrections: Prevalence and Differences in Compliance and Long-Term Outcomes Among Men and Women on Probation","volume":"48","author":"KA Gorgens","year":"2021","journal-title":"Crim Justice Behav"},{"issue":"5","key":"pmed.1004418.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1037\/lhb0000543","article-title":"The prevalence of traumatic brain injury (TBI) among people impacted by the criminal legal system: An updated meta-analysis and subgroup analyses","volume":"47","author":"S Hunter","year":"2023","journal-title":"Law Hum Behav"},{"issue":"6","key":"pmed.1004418.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1080\/02699052.2020.1753114","article-title":"Association between traumatic brain injury and prison charges: a population-based cohort study","volume":"34","author":"FI Matheson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Inj"},{"issue":"3","key":"pmed.1004418.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1177\/0093854816686631","article-title":"Traumatic Brain Injury and Recidivism Among Returning Inmates","volume":"44","author":"B Ray","year":"2017","journal-title":"Crim Justice Behav"},{"issue":"10","key":"pmed.1004418.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1184","DOI":"10.3109\/02699052.2010.495697","article-title":"Traumatic brain injury in a prison population: prevalence and risk for re-offending","volume":"24","author":"WH Williams","year":"2010","journal-title":"Brain Inj"},{"key":"pmed.1004418.ref014","article-title":"Changes in Jail Admissions Before and After Traumatic Brain Injury","author":"JA Schwartz","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Quant Criminol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pmed.1004418.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1080\/07418825.2019.1599044","article-title":"A Longitudinal Assessment of Head Injuries as a Source of Acquired Neuropsychological Deficits and the Implications for Criminal Persistence","volume":"38","author":"JA Schwartz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Justice Q"},{"issue":"1","key":"pmed.1004418.ref016","article-title":"Understanding and Addressing Health Disparities and Health Needs of Justice-Involved Populations","volume":"134","author":"J Bui","year":"2019","journal-title":"Public Health Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"pmed.1004418.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1186\/s40352-021-00141-x","article-title":"Do prisoners trust the healthcare system?","volume":"9","author":"LA Vandergrift","year":"2021","journal-title":"Health Justice"},{"key":"pmed.1004418.ref018","unstructured":"American Academy of Family Physicians. Clinical Practice Guideline Manual. 2022 [cited 2022 Aug 3]. Available from: https:\/\/www.aafp.org\/family-physician\/patient-care\/clinical-recommendations\/cpg-manual.html."},{"issue":"12","key":"pmed.1004418.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(17)30371-X","article-title":"Traumatic brain injury: integrated approaches to improve prevention, clinical care, and research","volume":"16","author":"AIR Maas","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"pmed.1004418.ref020","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Health Equity. Available from: https:\/\/www.who.int\/health-topics\/health-equity#tab=tab_1 [cited 2022 Aug 3]."},{"issue":"6","key":"pmed.1004418.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2006.10.008","article-title":"Assessing equity in clinical practice guidelines","volume":"60","author":"AM Dans","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"issue":"10","key":"pmed.1004418.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1484","DOI":"10.1093\/heapol\/czx126","article-title":"Considering health equity when moving from evidence-based guideline recommendations to implementation: a case study from an upper-middle income country on the GRADE approach","volume":"32","author":"J Eslava-Schmalbach","year":"2017","journal-title":"Health Policy Plan"},{"issue":"1","key":"pmed.1004418.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1186\/1748-5908-7-42","article-title":"Clinical guidelines contribute to the health inequities experienced by individuals with intellectual disabilities","volume":"7","author":"LAM Mizen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Implement Sci"},{"issue":"102152","key":"pmed.1004418.ref024","first-page":"1","article-title":"Equity considerations in clinical practice guidelines for traumatic brain injury and homelessness: A systematic review","volume":"63","author":"V Chan","year":"2023","journal-title":"eClinicalMedicine"},{"key":"pmed.1004418.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"815660","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2022.815660","article-title":"A systematic review protocol for assessing equity in clinical practice guidelines for traumatic brain injury and homelessness","volume":"9","author":"V Chan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"pmed.1004418.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1186\/s13643-020-01542-z","article-title":"PRISMA-S: an extension to the PRISMA Statement for Reporting Literature Searches in Systematic Reviews","volume":"10","author":"ML Rethlefsen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Syst Rev"},{"key":"pmed.1004418.ref027","unstructured":"Rethlefsen MLKS, Waffenschmidt S, Ayala AP, Moher D, Page MJ, Koffel JB. PRISMA-S Group. PRISMA for Searching. 2021 [cited 2021 Oct 20]. Available from: http:\/\/www.prisma-statement.org\/Extensions\/Searching."},{"issue":"1","key":"pmed.1004418.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1186\/s12939-015-0219-2","article-title":"Extending the PRISMA statement to equity-focused systematic reviews (PRISMA-E 2012): explanation and elaboration","volume":"14","author":"V Welch","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Equity Health"},{"key":"pmed.1004418.ref029","unstructured":"Bureau of Justice Statistics. The Justice System. 2021 [cited 2022 May 27]. Available from: https:\/\/bjs.ojp.gov\/justice-system."},{"key":"#cr-split#-pmed.1004418.ref030.1","unstructured":"Correctional Service Canada. Section 3 \u2010 Federal Corrections and the Criminal Justice System. 2007 [updated 2008 Apr 17"},{"key":"#cr-split#-pmed.1004418.ref030.2","unstructured":"cited 2022 May 27]. Available from: https:\/\/www.csc-scc.gc.ca\/text\/pblct\/sb-go\/03-eng.shtml."},{"key":"pmed.1004418.ref031","unstructured":"Crown Prosecution Service. The Criminal Justice System | The Crown Prosecution Service. 2017 [cited 2022 May 27]. Available from: https:\/\/www.cps.gov.uk\/about-cps\/criminal-justice-system."},{"key":"pmed.1004418.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2017.01.014","article-title":"GRADE equity guidelines 1: considering health equity in GRADE guideline development: introduction and rationale","volume":"90","author":"VA Welch","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"pmed.1004418.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2019.09.022","article-title":"Validation of five search filters for retrieval of clinical practice guidelines produced low precision","volume":"117","author":"C Lunny","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"issue":"9","key":"pmed.1004418.ref034","article-title":"A critical review to traumatic brain injury clinical practice guidelines","volume":"98","author":"B-S Di","year":"2019","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"issue":"9","key":"pmed.1004418.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0161554","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0161554","article-title":"Quality of the Development of Traumatic Brain Injury Clinical Practice Guidelines: A Systematic Review","volume":"11","author":"A Patel","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"2","key":"pmed.1004418.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e018791","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2017-018791","article-title":"Systematic review of clinical practice guidelines to identify recommendations for rehabilitation after stroke and other acquired brain injuries","volume":"8","author":"L Jolliffe","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"pmed.1004418.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1186\/s13643-015-0125-0","article-title":"Applying systematic review search methods to the grey literature: a case study examining guidelines for school-based breakfast programs in Canada","volume":"4","author":"K Godin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Syst Rev"},{"key":"pmed.1004418.ref038","unstructured":"The Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health (CADTH). Grey matters: A practical tool for searching health-related grey literature Ottawa: CADTH; 2018 [cited 2021 October 20]. Available from: https:\/\/www.cadth.ca\/grey-matters-practical-tool-searching-health-related-grey-literature-0 [accessed 2024 May 14]."},{"key":"pmed.1004418.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2018.11.030","article-title":"Systematic reviews of clinical practice guidelines: a methodological guide","volume":"108","author":"A Johnston","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"pmed.1004418.ref040","unstructured":"The EndNote Team. EndNote. EndNote X8 ed. Philadelphia, PA: Clarivate; 2013."},{"key":"pmed.1004418.ref041","unstructured":"Veritas Health Innovation. Covidence Systematic Review Software. Melbourne, Australia; 2021."},{"key":"pmed.1004418.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"n71","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews","volume":"372","author":"MJ Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"1","key":"pmed.1004418.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E66","DOI":"10.9778\/cmajo.20160051","article-title":"Sex and gender considerations in Canadian clinical practice guidelines: a systematic review","volume":"5","author":"C Tannenbaum","year":"2017","journal-title":"CMAJ Open"},{"issue":"11","key":"pmed.1004418.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1637","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2010.05.017","article-title":"Position statement: definition of traumatic brain injury","volume":"91","author":"DK Menon","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"pmed.1004418.ref045","author":"J Popay","journal-title":"Guidance on the conduct of narrative synthesis in systematic ReviewsA Product from the ESRC Methods Programme Version 12006"},{"issue":"9","key":"pmed.1004418.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1277","DOI":"10.1177\/1049732305276687","article-title":"Three Approaches to Qualitative Content Analysis","volume":"15","author":"H-F Hsieh","year":"2005","journal-title":"Qual Health Res"},{"key":"pmed.1004418.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2017.01.015","article-title":"GRADE equity guidelines 3: considering health equity in GRADE guideline development: rating the certainty of synthesized evidence","volume":"90","author":"VA Welch","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"pmed.1004418.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2017.08.001","article-title":"GRADE equity guidelines 4: considering health equity in GRADE guideline development: evidence to decision process","volume":"90","author":"K Pottie","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"pmed.1004418.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2017.01.017","article-title":"GRADE equity guidelines 2: considering health equity in GRADE guideline development: equity extension of the guideline development checklist","volume":"90","author":"EA Akl","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"pmed.1004418.ref050","unstructured":"National Guideline Alliance. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence: Guidelines. Mental health of adults in contact with the criminal justice system: Identification and management of mental health problems and integration of care for adults in contact with the criminal justice system. London: National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) Copyright \u00a9 National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, 2017; 2017."},{"key":"pmed.1004418.ref051","unstructured":"National Guideline Centre. Physical Health of People in Prison: Assessment, Diagnosis and Management of Physical Health Problems. London: National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). 2016 [accessed May 24]."},{"issue":"10","key":"pmed.1004418.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1085","DOI":"10.1097\/01.chi.0000175325.14481.21","article-title":"Practice parameter for the assessment and treatment of youth in juvenile detention and correctional facilities","volume":"44","author":"JV Penn","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"pmed.1004418.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saiz de la Hoya-Zam\u00e1cola P, Marco-Mouri\u00f1o A, Clemente-Ricote G, Portilla-Sogorb J, Boix-Mart\u00ednez V, N\u00fa\u00f1ez-Mart\u00ednez O, et al. Expert recommendations for the diagnosis and treatment of chronic hepatitis C infection in the prison setting. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin. 2006;24(9):568\u2013575. doi: 10.1157\/13093878","DOI":"10.1157\/13093878"},{"issue":"1","key":"pmed.1004418.ref054","first-page":"1","article-title":"Prevention and control of infections with hepatitis viruses in correctional settings","volume":"52","author":"C Weinbaum","year":"2003","journal-title":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention"},{"key":"pmed.1004418.ref055","article-title":"Consensus Statement on the Management of Hepatitis C in Australia\u2019s Prisons","author":"RJ SY Winter","year":"2023","journal-title":"National Prisons Hepatitis Network (NPHN)"},{"issue":"6","key":"pmed.1004418.ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"952","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0000000000002286","article-title":"Beta-blockers and Traumatic Brain Injury: A Systematic Review, Meta-analysis, and Eastern Association for the Surgery of Trauma Guideline","volume":"266","author":"AS Alali","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"key":"pmed.1004418.ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-016-0574-x","article-title":"Scandinavian guidelines for initial management of minor and moderate head trauma in children","volume":"14","author":"R Astrand","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"pmed.1004418.ref058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.1080\/10903120701732052","article-title":"Guidelines for prehospital management of traumatic brain injury","volume":"12","author":"N Badjatia","year":"2008","journal-title":"Prehospital Emergency Care"},{"issue":"2","key":"pmed.1004418.ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.4085\/1062-6050-49.1.07","article-title":"National Athletic Trainers\u2019 Association position statement: management of sport concussion","volume":"49","author":"SP Broglio","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Athl Train"},{"key":"pmed.1004418.ref060","article-title":"Guidelines for the Management of Severe Traumatic Brain Injury","author":"N Carney","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain Trauma Foundation"},{"issue":"1","key":"pmed.1004418.ref061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000031432.05543.14","article-title":"Practice parameter: Antiepileptic drug prophylaxis in severe traumatic brain injury","volume":"60","author":"BS Chang","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"1","key":"pmed.1004418.ref062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1186\/s13052-017-0442-0","article-title":"Italian guidelines on the assessment and management of pediatric head injury in the emergency department","volume":"44","author":"L Da Dalt","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ital J Pediatr"},{"issue":"1","key":"pmed.1004418.ref063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1177\/0009922819879457","article-title":"Concussion Management for Children Has Changed: New Pediatric Protocols Using the Latest Evidence","volume":"59","author":"C DeMatteo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Pediatr"},{"key":"pmed.1004418.ref064","author":"R Evans","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acute mild traumatic brain injury (concussion) in adults"},{"key":"pmed.1004418.ref065","unstructured":"French Language Neuroanesthesia and Resuscitation Association SAfF, French Society of Neurosurgery, French Society of Neuroradiology, French Language Resuscitation Society, French Society of Anesthesia and Resuscitation, French Pediatric Society, Francophone Society of Medical Emergencies. Management of cranial injuries early-phase. 2000;81:643\u20138."},{"issue":"2","key":"pmed.1004418.ref066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2017.12.001","article-title":"Management of severe traumatic brain injury (first 24hours)","volume":"37","author":"T Geeraerts","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anaesth Crit Care Pain Med"},{"key":"pmed.1004418.ref067","article-title":"Evidence-based guideline update: Evaluation and management of concussion in sports. Report of the Guideline Development Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology","author":"CC Giza","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"4","key":"pmed.1004418.ref068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2018-100338","article-title":"American Medical Society for Sports Medicine position statement on concussion in sport","volume":"53","author":"KG Harmon","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"pmed.1004418.ref069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1093\/neuros\/nyaa278","article-title":"Guidelines for the Management of Severe Traumatic Brain Injury: 2020 Update of the Decompressive Craniectomy Recommendations","volume":"87","author":"GWJ Hawryluk","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"issue":"6","key":"pmed.1004418.ref070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2008.08.021","article-title":"Clinical policy: neuroimaging and decisionmaking in adult mild traumatic brain injury in the acute setting","volume":"52","author":"AS Jagoda","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann Emerg Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"pmed.1004418.ref071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1080\/09602010701748644","article-title":"Intervention for executive functions after traumatic brain injury: a systematic review, meta-analysis and clinical recommendations","volume":"18","author":"MR Kennedy","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neuropsychol Rehabil"},{"issue":"6","key":"pmed.1004418.ref072","first-page":"1169","article-title":"Guidelines for the Management of Pediatric Severe Traumatic Brain Injury, Third Edition: Update of the Brain Trauma Foundation Guidelines","volume":"84","author":"PM Kochanek","year":"2019","journal-title":"Executive Summary Neurosurgery"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"pmed.1004418.ref073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surneu.2009.07.004","article-title":"Clinical practice guidelines in severe traumatic brain injury in Taiwan","volume":"72","author":"KH Liao","year":"2009","journal-title":"Surg Neurol"},{"key":"pmed.1004418.ref074","author":"M Lim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sleep-wake disorders in patients with traumatic brain injury"},{"issue":"1","key":"pmed.1004418.ref075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rehab.2015.10.007","article-title":"Behavioral and affective disorders after brain injury: French guidelines for prevention and community supports","volume":"59","author":"J Luaut\u00e9","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann Phys Rehabil Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"pmed.1004418.ref076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rehab.2015.11.001","article-title":"Care management of the agitation or aggressiveness crisis in patients with TBI. Systematic review of the literature and practice recommendations","volume":"59","author":"J Luaut\u00e9","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann Phys Rehabil Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"pmed.1004418.ref077","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e182853","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2018.2853","article-title":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Guideline on the Diagnosis and Management of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury Among Children","volume":"172","author":"A Lumba-Brown","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr"},{"issue":"6","key":"pmed.1004418.ref078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.3109\/02699052.2015.1004755","article-title":"Updated clinical practice guidelines for concussion\/mild traumatic brain injury and persistent symptoms","volume":"29","author":"S Marshall","year":"2015","journal-title":"Brain Inj"},{"key":"pmed.1004418.ref079","article-title":"Concussion in children and adolescents","author":"W Meehan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Management"},{"key":"pmed.1004418.ref080","author":"AMC Morgan","year":"2022","journal-title":"TBI Guideline Expert Working Committee. CLINICAL PRACTICE GUIDELINE FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF COMMUNICATION AND SWALLOWING DISORDERS FOLLOWING PAEDIATRIC TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY"},{"key":"pmed.1004418.ref081","unstructured":"Motor Accidents Authority New South Wales. Guidelines for mild traumatic brain injury following closed head injury. 2008 [accessed 2022 Aug 18]."},{"key":"pmed.1004418.ref082","unstructured":"National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Head injury: assessment and early management. 2014 [accessed 2022 Aug 18]."},{"key":"pmed.1004418.ref083","unstructured":"National Institute of Excellence in Health and Social Services (INESSS). Assessment and management of the risk of serious neurological complications following mild traumatic brain injury. 2021 [accessed 2022 Aug 18]."},{"key":"pmed.1004418.ref084","unstructured":"National Institute of Excellence in Health and Social Services (INESSS) ONF. CLINICAL PRACTICE GUIDELINE FOR THE REHABILITATION OF ADULTS WITH MODERATE TO SEVERE TBI. 2016 [accessed 2022 Aug 18]."},{"key":"pmed.1004418.ref085","unstructured":"New South Wales Ministry of Health. Initial management of closed head injury in adults. 2011 [accessed 2022 Aug 18]."},{"key":"pmed.1004418.ref086","unstructured":"New Zealand Guidelines Group. Traumatic brain injury: Diagnosis, acute management and rehabilitation. The Terrace, Wellington, New Zealand; 2006 [accessed 2022 Aug 18]."},{"key":"pmed.1004418.ref087","unstructured":"Ontario Neurotrauma Foundation. Guideline for Concussion\/Mild Traumatic Brain Injury & Prolonged Symptoms. 2018 [accessed 2022 Aug 18]."},{"key":"pmed.1004418.ref088","unstructured":"Ontario Neurotrauma Foundation. Living Guideline for Pediatric Concussion Care. 2021 [accessed 2022 Aug 18]."},{"key":"pmed.1004418.ref089","unstructured":"Pediatric mTBI Guideline Workgroup. Systematic Review and Clinical Recommendations for Healthcare Providers on the Diagnosis and Management of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury Among Children. 2016 [accessed 2022 Aug 18]."},{"issue":"4","key":"pmed.1004418.ref090","article-title":"Physical Therapy Evaluation and Treatment After Concussion\/Mild Traumatic Brain Injury","volume":"50","author":"CC Quatman-Yates","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Orthop Sports Phys Ther"},{"issue":"5s","key":"pmed.1004418.ref091","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacr.2020.01.026","article-title":"ACR Appropriateness Criteria\u00ae Head Trauma-Child","volume":"17","author":"ME Ryan","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Am Coll Radiol"},{"key":"pmed.1004418.ref092","article-title":"Minor head trauma in infants and children","author":"S. Schutzman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Management"},{"key":"pmed.1004418.ref093","author":"H. Schytz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Post-traumatic headache"},{"key":"pmed.1004418.ref094","unstructured":"Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network. Early management of patients with a head injury: A national clinical guideline. Hillside Crescent, Edinburgh; 2009 [accessed 2022 Aug 18]."},{"issue":"5s","key":"pmed.1004418.ref095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacr.2021.01.006","article-title":"ACR Appropriateness Criteria Head Trauma: 2021 Update","volume":"18","author":"RY Shih","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Am Coll Radiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"pmed.1004418.ref096","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1097\/HTR.0b013e31825ad658","article-title":"Is rest after concussion \u201cthe best medicine?\u201d: recommendations for activity resumption following concussion in athletes, civilians, and military service members","volume":"28","author":"ND Silverberg","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Head Trauma Rehabil"},{"issue":"2","key":"pmed.1004418.ref097","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1007\/s10926-011-9332-2","article-title":"Inter-professional clinical practice guideline for vocational evaluation following traumatic brain injury: a systematic and evidence-based approach","volume":"22","author":"M Stergiou-Kita","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Occup Rehabil"},{"issue":"11","key":"pmed.1004418.ref098","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2016-315500","article-title":"The screening and management of pituitary dysfunction following traumatic brain injury in adults: British Neurotrauma Group guidance","volume":"88","author":"CL Tan","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"pmed.1004418.ref099","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1097\/WNP.0000000000000853","article-title":"Practice Guideline: Use of Quantitative EEG for the Diagnosis of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury: Report of the Guideline Committee of the American Clinical Neurophysiology Society","volume":"38","author":"JR Tenney","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"pmed.1004418.ref100","unstructured":"The Management and Rehabilitation of Post-Acute Mild Traumatic Brain Injury Work Group. VA\/DoD CLINICAL PRACTICE GUIDELINE FOR THE MANAGEMENT AND REHABILITATION OF POST-ACUTE MILD TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY. 2021 [accessed 2022 Aug 18]."},{"key":"pmed.1004418.ref101","unstructured":"The Management of Concussion-mild Traumatic Brain Injury Working Group. VA\/DoD CLINICAL PRACTICE GUIDELINE FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF CONCUSSION-MILD TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY. Department of Veterans Affairs, Department of Defense. 2016 [accessed 2022 Aug 18]."},{"key":"pmed.1004418.ref102","author":"L Trevena","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Care of People Living with Traumatic Brain Injury in the Community"},{"issue":"1","key":"pmed.1004418.ref103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1186\/1741-7015-11-50","article-title":"Scandinavian guidelines for initial management of minimal, mild and moderate head injuries in adults: an evidence and consensus-based update","volume":"11","author":"the Scandinavian Neurotrauma Committee","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"key":"pmed.1004418.ref104","author":"M Vavilala","year":"2021","journal-title":"Severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) in children: Initial evaluation and management"},{"issue":"3","key":"pmed.1004418.ref105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1468-1331.2002.00407.x","article-title":"EFNS guideline on mild traumatic brain injury: report of an EFNS task force","volume":"9","author":"PE Vos","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"issue":"10","key":"pmed.1004418.ref106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1468","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2006.23.1468","article-title":"Guidelines for the pharmacologic treatment of neurobehavioral sequelae of traumatic brain injury","volume":"23","author":"DL Warden","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"key":"pmed.1004418.ref107","author":"T West","year":"2022","journal-title":"Care of the patient with mild traumatic brain injury"},{"key":"pmed.1004418.ref108","author":"S. Wheeler","year":"2016","journal-title":"Occupational Therapy Practice Guidelines for Adults with Traumatic Brain Injury"},{"issue":"2","key":"pmed.1004418.ref109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A4181","article-title":"Imaging evidence and recommendations for traumatic brain injury: advanced neuro- and neurovascular imaging techniques","volume":"36","author":"M Wintermark","year":"2015","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pmed.1004418.ref110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacr.2014.10.014","article-title":"Imaging evidence and recommendations for traumatic brain injury: conventional neuroimaging techniques","volume":"12","author":"M Wintermark","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Am Coll Radiol"},{"key":"pmed.1004418.ref111","unstructured":"Workplace Safety and Insurance Board. MILD TRAUMATIC BRAIN INjURYPROGRAM OF CARE. 2012 [accessed 2022 Aug 18]."},{"issue":"1","key":"pmed.1004418.ref112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1097\/HTR.0000000000000826","article-title":"INCOG 2.0 Guidelines for Cognitive Rehabilitation Following Traumatic Brain Injury: What\u2019s Changed From 2014 to Now?","volume":"38","author":"MT Bayley","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Head Trauma Rehabil"},{"issue":"1","key":"pmed.1004418.ref113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1097\/HTR.0000000000000838","article-title":"INCOG 2.0 Guidelines for Cognitive Rehabilitation Following Traumatic Brain Injury: Methods, Overview, and Principles","volume":"38","author":"MT Bayley","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Head Trauma Rehabil"},{"issue":"1","key":"pmed.1004418.ref114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1097\/HTR.0000000000000834","article-title":"INCOG 2.0 Guidelines for Cognitive Rehabilitation Following Traumatic Brain Injury, Part III: Executive Functions","volume":"38","author":"E Jeffay","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Head Trauma Rehabil"},{"key":"pmed.1004418.ref115","unstructured":"Physicians ACoE. Clinical Policy: Critical Issues in the Management of Adult Patients Presenting to the Emergency Department with Mild Traumatic Brain Injury. 2023."},{"issue":"1","key":"pmed.1004418.ref116","article-title":"INCOG 2.0 Guidelines for Cognitive Rehabilitation Following Traumatic Brain Injury, Part I: Posttraumatic Amnesia","volume":"38","author":"J Ponsford","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Head Trauma Rehabil"},{"issue":"1","key":"pmed.1004418.ref117","article-title":"INCOG 2.0 Guidelines for Cognitive Rehabilitation Following Traumatic Brain Injury, Part II: Attention and Information Processing Speed","volume":"38","author":"J Ponsford","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Head Trauma Rehabil"},{"key":"pmed.1004418.ref118","author":"HMGH Rytter","year":"2021","journal-title":"National clinical guideline for non-pharmacological treatment of long-term symptoms after concussion"},{"issue":"1","key":"pmed.1004418.ref119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1097\/HTR.0000000000000835","article-title":"INCOG 2.0 Guidelines for Cognitive Rehabilitation Following Traumatic Brain Injury, Part IV: Cognitive-Communication and Social Cognition Disorders","volume":"38","author":"L Togher","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Head Trauma Rehabil"},{"issue":"1","key":"pmed.1004418.ref120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1097\/HTR.0000000000000837","article-title":"INCOG 2.0 Guidelines for Cognitive Rehabilitation Following Traumatic Brain Injury, Part V: Memory","volume":"38","author":"D Velikonja","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Head Trauma Rehabil"},{"key":"pmed.1004418.ref121","unstructured":"National Clinical Guideline C. National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence: Guidance. Head Injury: Triage, Assessment, Investigation and Early Management of Head Injury in Children, Young People and Adults. London: National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (UK) Copyright National Clinical Guideline Centre; 2014."},{"key":"pmed.1004418.ref122","author":"N Horspool","year":"2017","journal-title":"Traumatic brain injury and the criminal justice system"},{"issue":"3","key":"pmed.1004418.ref123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E55","DOI":"10.1097\/HTR.0000000000000434","article-title":"Comprehension of Legal Language by Adults With and Without Traumatic Brain Injury","volume":"34","author":"JA Wszalek","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Head Trauma Rehabil"},{"key":"pmed.1004418.ref124","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Health Disparities and TBI. 2021 [updated 2021 May 12]. Available from: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/traumaticbraininjury\/health-disparities-tbi.html#print [accessed 2022 Dec 14]."},{"issue":"6","key":"pmed.1004418.ref125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1097\/01.HTR.0000300228.05867.5c","article-title":"Screening for traumatic brain injury in an offender sample: a first look at the reliability and validity of the Traumatic Brain Injury Questionnaire","volume":"22","author":"PM Diamond","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Head Trauma Rehabil"},{"issue":"2","key":"pmed.1004418.ref126","first-page":"71","article-title":"TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY IN THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM: IDENTIFICATION AND RESPONSE TO NEUROLOGICAL TRAUMA","volume":"12","author":"ML Horn","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appl Psychol Crim Justice"},{"key":"pmed.1004418.ref127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1052294","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2022.1052294","article-title":"Rehabilitation among individuals with traumatic brain injury who intersect with the criminal justice system: A scoping review","volume":"13","author":"V Chan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"pmed.1004418.ref128","unstructured":"Coid J. Correctional populations: Criminal careers and recidivism. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing; 2005."},{"key":"pmed.1004418.ref129","unstructured":"Medicine Io. Clinical Practice Guidelines We Can Trust. Graham R, Mancher M, Wolman DM, Greenfield S, Steinberg E, editors. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press; 2011. p. 290."},{"issue":"1","key":"pmed.1004418.ref130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1186\/s12992-019-0455-0","article-title":"Review of evidence based clinical practice guidelines developed in Latin America and Caribbean during the last decade: an analysis of the methods for grading quality of evidence and topic prioritization","volume":"15","author":"PA Cabrera","year":"2019","journal-title":"Glob Health"},{"key":"pmed.1004418.ref131","unstructured":"American Academy of Family Physicians. Grading Evidence and Strength of Recommendation (CMSS-P 6; IOM Standards 5 and 6). 2017. Available from: https:\/\/www.aafp.org\/family-physician\/patient-care\/clinical-recommendations\/cpg-manual.html#ix."},{"issue":"4","key":"pmed.1004418.ref132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1177\/1748895820949297","article-title":"Crime and justice research: The current landscape and future possibilities","volume":"20","author":"R Sparks","year":"2020","journal-title":"Criminol Crim Just"}],"container-title":["PLOS Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pmed.1004418","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,12]],"date-time":"2024-08-12T23:18:08Z","timestamp":1723504688000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pmed.1004418"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,12]]},"references-count":133,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,12]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pmed.1004418","relation":{},"ISSN":["1549-1676"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1549-1676","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,12]]}}}