{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T20:41:33Z","timestamp":1790023293471,"version":"4.0.1"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1004461","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,27]],"date-time":"2024-09-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1727395200000}}],"reference-count":102,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,13]],"date-time":"2024-09-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1726185600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008561","name":"Burnet Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Shark Tark Funding"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Shark Tark Funding"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008561","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"National Health and Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GNT1194248"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GNT1194248"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosmedicine.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Med"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Postpartum haemorrhage (PPH) is an obstetric emergency. While PPH-related deaths are relatively rare in high-resource settings, PPH continues to be the leading cause of maternal mortality in limited-resource settings. We undertook a systematic review to identify, assess, and synthesise cost-effectiveness evidence on postpartum interventions to prevent, diagnose, or treat PPH.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Methods and findings<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>This systematic review was prospectively registered on PROSPERO (CRD42023438424). We searched Medline, Embase, NHS Economic Evaluation Database (NHS EED), EconLit, CINAHL, Emcare, Web of Science, and Global Index Medicus between 22 June 2023 and 11 July 2024 with no date or language limitations. Full economic evaluations of any postpartum intervention for prevention, detection, or management of PPH were eligible. Study screening, data extraction, and quality assessments (using the CHEC-E tool) were undertaken independently by at least 2 reviewers. We developed narrative syntheses of available evidence for each intervention.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p>From 3,993 citations, 56 studies were included: 33 studies of preventative interventions, 1 study assessed a diagnostic method, 17 studies of treatment interventions, 1 study comparing prevention and treatment, and 4 studies assessed care bundles. Twenty-four studies were conducted in high-income countries, 22 in upper or lower middle-income countries, 3 in low-income countries, and 7 studies involved countries of multiple income levels. Study settings, methods, and findings varied considerably. Interventions with the most consistent findings were the use of tranexamic acid for PPH treatment and using care bundles. In both cases, multiple studies predicted these interventions would either result in better health outcomes and cost savings, or better health outcomes at acceptable costs. Limitations for this review include that no ideal setting was chosen, and therefore, a transferability assessment was not undertaken. In addition, some sources of study uncertainty, such as effectiveness parameters, were interrogated to a greater degree than other sources of uncertainty.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>In this systematic review, we extracted, critically appraised, and summarised the cost-effectiveness evidence from 56 studies across 16 different interventions for the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of PPH. Both the use of tranexamic acid as part of PPH treatment, and the use of comprehensive PPH bundles for prevention, diagnosis, and treatment have supportive cost-effectiveness evidence across a range of settings. More studies utilizing best practice principles are required to make stronger conclusions on which interventions provide the best value. Several high-priority interventions recommended by World Health Organization (WHO) such as administering additional uterotonics, non-pneumatic anti-shock garment, or uterine balloon tamponade (UBT) for PPH management require robust economic evaluations across high-, middle-, and low-resource settings.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1004461","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,13]],"date-time":"2024-09-13T17:53:18Z","timestamp":1726249998000},"page":"e1004461","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pmed.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["The cost-effectiveness of preventing, diagnosing, and treating postpartum haemorrhage: A systematic review of economic evaluations"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-6392-3426","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Joshua F.","family":"Ginnane","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7670-1116","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Samia","family":"Aziz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6129-918X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Saima","family":"Sultana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-1256-7360","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Connor Luke","family":"Allen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1182-6679","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Annie","family":"McDougall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2106-4746","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Katherine E.","family":"Eddy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9213-0798","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Nick","family":"Scott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3214-7096","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Joshua P.","family":"Vogel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"pmed.1004461.ref001","unstructured":"World Health Organization. WHO recommendations for the prevention and treatment of postpartum haemorrhage. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2012."},{"issue":"6","key":"pmed.1004461.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e323","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(14)70227-X","article-title":"Global causes of maternal death: a WHO systematic analysis","volume":"2","author":"L Say","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"pmed.1004461.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2008.08.004","article-title":"Epidemiology of postpartum haemorrhage: a systematic review","volume":"22","author":"G Carroli","year":"2008","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol"},{"key":"pmed.1004461.ref004","unstructured":"World Health Organization. A Roadmap to combat postpartum haemorrhage between 2023 and 2030. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2023 Contract No.: Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO."},{"issue":"1","key":"pmed.1004461.ref005","first-page":"2","article-title":"Effect of tranexamic acid in prevention of postpartum hemorrhage in elective caesarean delivery: a randomized controlled study","volume":"8","author":"E-N Abd El-Gaber","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Reprod Contracept Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"pmed.1004461.ref006","unstructured":"World Health Organization, United Nations Children\u2019s Fund, World Bank Group, United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs\/Population Division. Trends in maternal mortality 2000 to 2020. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2023."},{"issue":"6","key":"pmed.1004461.ref007","article-title":"Tranexamic acid for preventing postpartum haemorrhage","author":"N Novikova","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"3","key":"pmed.1004461.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.01.017","article-title":"Reduction of severe maternal morbidity from hemorrhage using a state perinatal quality collaborative","volume":"216","author":"EK Main","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pmed.1004461.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"850","DOI":"10.1002\/ijgo.14225","article-title":"Effect of implementation of a colorimetric quantitative blood loss system for postpartum hemorrhage","volume":"159","author":"M Wolfe","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Gynaecol Obstet"},{"issue":"S1","key":"pmed.1004461.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1002\/ijgo.14116","article-title":"FIGO recommendations on the management of postpartum hemorrhage 2022","volume":"157","author":"MF Escobar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol Int J"},{"issue":"1","key":"pmed.1004461.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1002\/ijgo.12836","article-title":"A systematic review of the cost-effectiveness of uterotonic agents for the prevention of postpartum hemorrhage","volume":"146","author":"TA Lawrie","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Gynaecol Obstet"},{"issue":"3","key":"pmed.1004461.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1002\/ijgo.13393","article-title":"Cost-effectiveness of uterine tamponade devices for the treatment of postpartum hemorrhage: A systematic review","volume":"151","author":"JP Vogel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Gynaecol Obstet"},{"issue":"3","key":"pmed.1004461.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1002\/ijgo.13654","article-title":"The cost-effectiveness of tranexamic acid for treatment of postpartum hemorrhage: A systematic review","volume":"155","author":"S Aziz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Gynaecol Obstet"},{"issue":"6","key":"pmed.1004461.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1080\/14737167.2016.1246960","article-title":"How to prepare a systematic review of economic evaluations for informing evidence-based healthcare decisions: a five-step approach (part 1\/3)","volume":"16","author":"GA van Mastrigt","year":"2016","journal-title":"Expert Rev Pharmacoecon Outcomes Res"},{"key":"pmed.1004461.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"n71","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews","volume":"372","author":"MJ Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"225","key":"pmed.1004461.ref016","article-title":"Economic evaluations of maternal health interventions: a scoping review [version 2; peer review: 1 approved]","volume":"11","author":"K Eddy","year":"2023","journal-title":"F1000Research"},{"key":"pmed.1004461.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101496","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2022.101496","article-title":"Cost-effectiveness of antenatal corticosteroids and tocolytic agents in the management of preterm birth: A systematic review","volume":"49","author":"E Sebastian","year":"2022","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"issue":"4","key":"pmed.1004461.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1586\/14737167.2015.1103185","article-title":"Risk of bias in model-based economic evaluations: the ECOBIAS checklist","volume":"16","author":"CC Adarkwah","year":"2016","journal-title":"Expert Rev Pharmacoecon Outcomes Res"},{"key":"pmed.1004461.ref019","unstructured":"The Campbell and Cochrane Economics Methods Group, Evidence for Policy and Practice Information and Coordinating Centre. CCEMG\u2014EPPI-Centre Cost Converter. 2010 [accessed: 20\/11\/2023]. https:\/\/eppi.ioe.ac.uk\/costconversion\/."},{"issue":"1","key":"pmed.1004461.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1332\/174426410X482999","article-title":"A web-based tool for adjusting costs to a specific target currency and price year","volume":"6","author":"I Shemilt","year":"2010","journal-title":"Evid Policy"},{"issue":"2","key":"pmed.1004461.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1017\/S0266462305050324","article-title":"Criteria list for assessment of methodological quality of economic evaluations: Consensus on Health Economic Criteria","volume":"21","author":"S Evers","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int J Technol Assess Health Care"},{"issue":"09","key":"pmed.1004461.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4172\/2155-6156.1000438","article-title":"Cost-effectiveness of therapeutic education to prevent the development and progression of type 2 diabetes: systematic review","volume":"5","author":"I Odnoletkova","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Diabetes Metab"},{"key":"pmed.1004461.ref023","unstructured":"World Health Organization. WHO recommendation on tranexamic acid for the treatment of postpartum haemorrhage. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2017."},{"key":"pmed.1004461.ref024","unstructured":"World Health Organization. WHO recommendations: uterotonics for the prevention of postpartum haemorrhage. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2018."},{"key":"pmed.1004461.ref025","unstructured":"World Health Organization. WHO recommendation on Umbilical vein injection of oxytocin for the treatment of retained placenta. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2020."},{"key":"pmed.1004461.ref026","unstructured":"World Health Organization. WHO recommendation on Advance misoprostol distribution to pregnant women for prevention of postpartum haemorrhage. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2020."},{"key":"pmed.1004461.ref027","unstructured":"World Health Organization. WHO recommendation on routes of oxytocin administration for the prevention of postpartum haemorrhage after vaginal birth. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2020."},{"key":"pmed.1004461.ref028","unstructured":"World Health Organization. WHO recommendation on Uterine balloon tamponade for the treatment of postpartum haemorrhage. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2021."},{"key":"pmed.1004461.ref029","unstructured":"World Health Organization. WHO recommendations on the assessment of postpartum blood loss and use of a treatment bundle for postpartum haemorrhage. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2023."},{"issue":"9","key":"pmed.1004461.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3310\/hta23090","article-title":"Uterotonic drugs to prevent postpartum haemorrhage: a network meta-analysis","volume":"23","author":"I Gallos","year":"2019","journal-title":"Health Technol Assess"},{"key":"pmed.1004461.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1007\/s41669-018-0108-x","article-title":"Uterotonic drugs for the prevention of postpartum haemorrhage: a cost-effectiveness analysis","volume":"3","author":"K Pickering","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pharmacoecon Open"},{"issue":"1","key":"pmed.1004461.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-023-09263-4","article-title":"Cost-effectiveness and budget impact of heat-stable carbetocin compared to oxytocin and misoprostol for the prevention of postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) in women giving birth in India","volume":"23","author":"JR Cook","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"key":"pmed.1004461.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0038-1655747","article-title":"Cost-effectiveness of Carbetocin versus Oxytocin for Prevention of Postpartum Hemorrhage Resulting from Uterine Atony in Women at high-risk for bleeding in Colombia","volume":"40","author":"Y Gil-Rojas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet"},{"issue":"12","key":"pmed.1004461.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0279130","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0279130","article-title":"Cost-effectiveness analysis of carbetocin for prevention of postpartum hemorrhage in a low-burden high-resource city of China","volume":"17","author":"JH You","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"3","key":"pmed.1004461.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jogc.2021.09.022","article-title":"Cost implications of using carbetocin injection to prevent postpartum hemorrhage in a Canadian urban Hospital","volume":"44","author":"J Barrett","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Obstet Gynaecol Can"},{"key":"pmed.1004461.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-020-05834-x","article-title":"Economic evaluation of carbetocin as prophylaxis for postpartum hemorrhage in the Philippines","volume":"20","author":"JR Briones","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"issue":"12","key":"pmed.1004461.ref037","article-title":"Uterotonic agents for preventing postpartum haemorrhage: a network meta-analysis","author":"ID Gallos","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"14","key":"pmed.1004461.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2303","DOI":"10.1080\/14767058.2019.1664463","article-title":"Efficacy of carbetocin in the prevention of postpartum hemorrhage: a systematic review and Bayesian meta-analysis of randomized trials","volume":"34","author":"E Kalafat","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"pmed.1004461.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.3109\/01443615.2011.595982","article-title":"Does carbetocin for prevention of postpartum haemorrhage at caesarean section provide clinical or financial benefit compared with oxytocin?","volume":"31","author":"L Higgins","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Obstet Gynaecol"},{"issue":"4","key":"pmed.1004461.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1111\/ajo.12907","article-title":"Clinical and financial evaluation of carbetocin as postpartum haemorrhage prophylaxis at caesarean section: A retrospective cohort study","volume":"59","author":"J Wohling","year":"2019","journal-title":"Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol"},{"issue":"5","key":"pmed.1004461.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1080\/01443615.2017.1284188","article-title":"A prospective cohort study evaluating the cost-effectiveness of carbetocin for prevention of postpartum haemorrhage in caesarean sections","volume":"37","author":"Y Luni","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Obstet Gynaecol Can"},{"issue":"1","key":"pmed.1004461.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.2217\/cer-2017-0012","article-title":"Pharmacoeconomic study comparing carbetocin with oxytocin for the prevention of hemorrhage following cesarean delivery in Lima","volume":"7","author":"SI Caceda","year":"2018","journal-title":"Peru J Comp Eff Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"pmed.1004461.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.2217\/cer-2017-0004","article-title":"Analysis of the cost\u2013effectiveness of carbetocin for the prevention of hemorrhage following cesarean delivery in Ecuador","volume":"6","author":"AR Henr\u00edquez-Trujillo","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Comp Eff Res"},{"key":"pmed.1004461.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2017.01.004","article-title":"Carbetocin versus oxytocin for prevention of post-partum haemorrhage at caesarean section in the United Kingdom: an economic impact analysis","volume":"210","author":"HA Van Der Nelson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pmed.1004461.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1111\/jog.13486","article-title":"Cost effectiveness analysis of carbetocin during cesarean section in a high volume maternity unit","volume":"44","author":"HY Voon","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Obstet Gynaecol Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"pmed.1004461.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1080\/13696998.2022.2027669","article-title":"Cost-effectiveness analysis of carbetocin versus oxytocin for the prevention of postpartum hemorrhage following vaginal birth in the United Kingdom","volume":"25","author":"S Matthijsse","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Med Econ"},{"issue":"3","key":"pmed.1004461.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijgo.2015.10.015","article-title":"Cost-effectiveness of two interventions for the prevention of postpartum hemorrhage in Senegal","volume":"133","author":"M Vlassoff","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Gynaecol Obstet"},{"issue":"4","key":"pmed.1004461.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1080\/19439340903380872","article-title":"Evaluating interventions to reduce maternal mortality: evidence from Peru\u2019s PARSalud programme","volume":"1","author":"J Jose Diaz","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Dev Effect"},{"issue":"6","key":"pmed.1004461.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1093\/heapol\/czp020","article-title":"Cost-effectiveness analysis of active management of third-stage labour in Vietnam","volume":"24","author":"VD Tsu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Health Policy Plan"},{"issue":"6","key":"pmed.1004461.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0129044","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0129044","article-title":"Oxytocin in uniject disposable auto-disable injection system versus standard use for the prevention of postpartum hemorrhage in latin America and the Caribbean: a cost-effectiveness analysis","volume":"10","author":"A Pichon-Riviere","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"1","key":"pmed.1004461.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-020-01658-y","article-title":"Cost-effectiveness of inhaled oxytocin for prevention of postpartum haemorrhage: a modelling study applied to two high burden settings","volume":"18","author":"N Carvalho","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"pmed.1004461.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1000264","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000264","article-title":"Alternative strategies to reduce maternal mortality in India: a cost-effectiveness analysis","volume":"7","author":"SJ Goldie","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"pmed.1004461.ref053","first-page":"1","article-title":"Prevention of postpartum haemorrhage: cost consequences analysis of misoprostol in low-resource settings","volume":"15","author":"DL Lang","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy Childbirth"},{"issue":"11","key":"pmed.1004461.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0142550","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0142550","article-title":"Potential cost-effectiveness of prenatal distribution of misoprostol for prevention of postpartum hemorrhage in Uganda","volume":"10","author":"SJ Lubinga","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"1","key":"pmed.1004461.ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthpol.2009.08.012","article-title":"Setting priorities for safe motherhood interventions in resource-scarce settings","volume":"94","author":"N Prata","year":"2010","journal-title":"Health Policy"},{"issue":"3","key":"pmed.1004461.ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijgo.2008.10.011","article-title":"Cost-effectiveness of misoprostol and prenatal iron supplementation as maternal mortality interventions in home births in rural India","volume":"104","author":"T Sutherland","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int J Gynaecol Obstet"},{"issue":"3","key":"pmed.1004461.ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijgo.2009.11.007","article-title":"Community-based distribution of misoprostol for treatment or prevention of postpartum hemorrhage: cost-effectiveness, mortality, and morbidity reduction analysis","volume":"108","author":"T Sutherland","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Gynaecol Obstet"},{"issue":"4","key":"pmed.1004461.ref058","first-page":"540","article-title":"Active management of third stage of labour saves facility costs in Guatemala and Zambia","volume":"24","author":"JT Fullerton","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Health Popul Nutr"},{"key":"pmed.1004461.ref059","first-page":"1","article-title":"Tranexamic acid for the prevention of postpartum hemorrhage: a cost-effectiveness analysis","author":"WD Dazelle","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Thromb Thrombolysis"},{"issue":"1","key":"pmed.1004461.ref060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.16456","article-title":"An economic evaluation of tranexamic acid to prevent postpartum haemorrhage in women with vaginal delivery: the randomised controlled TRAAP trial","volume":"128","author":"I Durand-Zaleski","year":"2021","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"issue":"5","key":"pmed.1004461.ref061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bja.2023.07.028","article-title":"Tranexamic acid for reduction of blood loss after Caesarean delivery: a cost-effectiveness analysis of the TRAAP2 trial","volume":"131","author":"L Sentilhes","year":"2023","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"issue":"1","key":"pmed.1004461.ref062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e5653","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000005653","article-title":"Is prophylactic tranexamic acid administration effective and safe for postpartum hemorrhage prevention?: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"96","author":"C Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"issue":"8","key":"pmed.1004461.ref063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1562","DOI":"10.1111\/jog.14013","article-title":"Prophylactic use of tranexamic acid reduces blood loss and transfusion requirements in patients undergoing cesarean section: A meta-analysis","volume":"45","author":"Y Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Obstet Gynaecol Res"},{"issue":"12","key":"pmed.1004461.ref064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1003001","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1003001","article-title":"Nitroglycerin for treatment of retained placenta: A randomised, placebo-controlled, multicentre, double-blind trial in the UK","volume":"16","author":"FC Denison","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"issue":"70","key":"pmed.1004461.ref065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3310\/hta23700","article-title":"Glyceryl trinitrate to reduce the need for manual removal of retained placenta following vaginal delivery: the GOT-IT RCT","volume":"23","author":"FC Denison","year":"2019","journal-title":"Health Technol Assess"},{"issue":"7","key":"pmed.1004461.ref066","first-page":"e42631","article-title":"Application of a Negative Intrauterine Pressure Suction Device for Prophylactic Management of Atonic Postpartum Hemorrhage: A Quality Improvement Study","volume":"15","author":"JC Sharma","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"issue":"1","key":"pmed.1004461.ref067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-022-04434-3","article-title":"The clinical evaluation of IIA balloon occlusion in caesarean delivery for patients with PAS: a retrospective study","volume":"22","author":"L Hong","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy Childbirth"},{"key":"pmed.1004461.ref068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1007\/s11547-016-0690-x","article-title":"Predelivery uterine arteries embolization in patients with placental implant anomalies: a cost-effective procedure","volume":"122","author":"R Niola","year":"2017","journal-title":"Radiol Med"},{"issue":"42","key":"pmed.1004461.ref069","first-page":"3335","article-title":"The application of rapid rehabilitation model of multidisciplinary cooperation in cesarean section and the evaluation of health economics","volume":"99","author":"L Xue","year":"2019","journal-title":"Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi"},{"key":"pmed.1004461.ref070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijoa.2019.05.006","article-title":"The association between the introduction of quantitative assessment of postpartum blood loss and institutional changes in clinical practice: an observational study","volume":"42","author":"D Katz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Obstet Anesth"},{"issue":"1","key":"pmed.1004461.ref071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijgo.2006.12.005","article-title":"Cost-effectiveness of misoprostol to control postpartum hemorrhage in low-resource settings","volume":"97","author":"SE Bradley","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int J Gynaecol Obstet"},{"issue":"3","key":"pmed.1004461.ref072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100588","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2022.100588","article-title":"Tranexamic acid for the treatment of postpartum hemorrhage: a cost-effectiveness analysis","volume":"4","author":"DC Howard","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol MFM"},{"issue":"3","key":"pmed.1004461.ref073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2019.06.030","article-title":"Tranexamic acid in the routine treatment of postpartum hemorrhage in the United States: a cost-effectiveness analysis","volume":"221","author":"LS Sudhof","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pmed.1004461.ref074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-022-05308-4","article-title":"Cost-effectiveness and budget impact of adding tranexamic acid for management of post-partum hemorrhage in the Indian public health system","volume":"23","author":"BN Joshi","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy Childbirth"},{"issue":"2","key":"pmed.1004461.ref075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e222","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(17)30467-9","article-title":"Tranexamic acid for treatment of women with post-partum haemorrhage in Nigeria and Pakistan: a cost-effectiveness analysis of data from the WOMAN trial","volume":"6","author":"B Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"pmed.1004461.ref076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-015-0694-6","article-title":"Cost-effectiveness of the non-pneumatic anti-shock garment (NASG): evidence from a cluster randomized controlled trial in Zambia and Zimbabwe","volume":"15","author":"J Downing","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"pmed.1004461.ref077","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e62282","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0062282","article-title":"Use of the non-pneumatic anti-shock garment (NASG) for life-threatening obstetric hemorrhage: a cost-effectiveness analysis in Egypt and Nigeria","volume":"8","author":"T Sutherland","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"8","key":"pmed.1004461.ref078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0256271","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0256271","article-title":"Cost-effectiveness of uterine balloon tamponade devices in managing atonic post-partum hemorrhage at public health facilities in India","volume":"16","author":"BN Joshi","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"2","key":"pmed.1004461.ref079","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1002\/ijgo.12125","article-title":"Cost-effectiveness of condom uterine balloon tamponade to control severe postpartum hemorrhage in Kenya","volume":"137","author":"M Mvundura","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Gynaecol Obstet"},{"key":"pmed.1004461.ref080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2023.02.020","article-title":"Prevention of postpartum haemorrhage: Economic evaluation of the novel butterfly device in a UK setting","volume":"283","author":"RT Edwards","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol"},{"issue":"6","key":"pmed.1004461.ref081","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1347","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000002359","article-title":"Transfusion preparedness strategies for obstetric hemorrhage: a cost-effectiveness analysis","volume":"130","author":"BD Einerson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"pmed.1004461.ref082","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinane.2017.10.003","article-title":"Point-of-care viscoelastic testing improves the outcome of pregnancies complicated by severe postpartum hemorrhage","volume":"44","author":"D Snegovskikh","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Clin Anesth"},{"issue":"2","key":"pmed.1004461.ref083","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3310\/hta22020","article-title":"A randomised controlled trial and economic evaluation of intraoperative cell salvage during caesarean section in women at risk of haemorrhage: the SALVO (cell SALVage in Obstetrics) trial","volume":"22","author":"KS Khan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Health Technol Assess"},{"issue":"2","key":"pmed.1004461.ref084","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0000000000001981","article-title":"Cost-effectiveness analysis of intraoperative cell salvage for obstetric hemorrhage","volume":"128","author":"G Lim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"issue":"4","key":"pmed.1004461.ref085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1111\/vox.12181","article-title":"Cost-effectiveness of red blood cell transfusion vs. non-intervention in women with acute anaemia after postpartum haemorrhage","volume":"107","author":"B Prick","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vox Sang"},{"issue":"2","key":"pmed.1004461.ref086","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2023.101257","article-title":"Use of cell salvage at the time of cesarean delivery: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"6","author":"NS Iyer","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol MFM"},{"issue":"9","key":"pmed.1004461.ref087","article-title":"Cell salvage for minimising perioperative allogeneic blood transfusion in adults undergoing elective surgery","author":"TD Lloyd","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"pmed.1004461.ref088","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2020.01.001","article-title":"Implementation of the D-A-CH postpartum haemorrhage algorithm after severe postpartum bleeding accelerates clinical management: A retrospective case series","volume":"247","author":"J-J Ries","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol"},{"issue":"4","key":"pmed.1004461.ref089","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e081482","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2023-081482","article-title":"Inter-facility transfers for emergency obstetrical and neonatal care in rural Madagascar: a cost-effectiveness analysis","volume":"14","author":"MA Franke","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"pmed.1004461.ref090","article-title":"Effectiveness of care bundles for prevention and treatment of postpartum hemorrhage: a systematic review","author":"JP Vogel","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"6","key":"pmed.1004461.ref091","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1007\/s41669-022-00362-2","article-title":"What is the economic cost of providing an all Wales postpartum haemorrhage quality improvement initiative (OBS Cymru)? A cost-consequences comparison with standard care","volume":"6","author":"M Dale","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pharmacoecon Open"},{"issue":"2","key":"pmed.1004461.ref092","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e287","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(22)00518-6","article-title":"The effects of a peripartum strategy to prevent and treat primary postpartum haemorrhage at health facilities in Niger: a longitudinal, 72-month study","volume":"11","author":"AR Seim","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"pmed.1004461.ref093","article-title":"A cost-effectiveness analysis of early detection and bundled treatment of postpartum hemorrhage alongside the E-MOTIVE trial","author":"EV Williams","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"pmed.1004461.ref094","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000005060","article-title":"State perinatal quality collaborative for reducing severe maternal morbidity from hemorrhage: a cost-effectiveness analysis","volume":"141","author":"EC Wiesehan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pmed.1004461.ref095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e37","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(15)00219-3","article-title":"Oxytocin via Uniject (a prefilled single-use injection) versus oral misoprostol for prevention of postpartum haemorrhage at the community level: a cluster-randomised controlled trial","volume":"4","author":"A Diop","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"pmed.1004461.ref096","first-page":"Cd012964","article-title":"Antifibrinolytic drugs for treating primary postpartum haemorrhage","volume":"2","author":"H Shakur","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"pmed.1004461.ref097","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-023-06100-8","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of tranexamic acid in prevention of postpartum hemorrhage: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 18,649 patients","volume":"23","author":"NM Al-Dardery","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy Childbirth"},{"issue":"1","key":"pmed.1004461.ref098","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2303966","article-title":"Randomized Trial of Early Detection and Treatment of Postpartum Hemorrhage","volume":"389","author":"I Gallos","year":"2023","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"pmed.1004461.ref099","article-title":"Early detection and treatment of postpartum haemorrhage: a cost-effectiveness analysis of the E-MOTIVE trial","author":"EV Williams","year":"2024","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"key":"pmed.1004461.ref100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2020.09.018","article-title":"GRADE Guidelines 30: the GRADE approach to assessing the certainty of modeled evidence-An overview in the context of health decision-making","volume":"129","author":"JL Brozek","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"issue":"7","key":"pmed.1004461.ref101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0133344","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0133344","article-title":"Correction: Oxytocin in Uniject Disposable Auto-Disable Injection System versus Standard Use for the Prevention of Postpartum Hemorrhage in Latin America and the Caribbean: A Cost-Effectiveness Analysis","volume":"10","author":"A Pichon-Riviere","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"3","key":"pmed.1004461.ref102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0152955","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0152955","article-title":"Correction: Potential Cost-Effectiveness of Prenatal Distribution of Misoprostol for Prevention of Postpartum Hemorrhage in Uganda","volume":"11","author":"SJ Lubinga","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1004461","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,27]],"date-time":"2024-09-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1727395200000}}],"container-title":["PLOS Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pmed.1004461","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,27]],"date-time":"2024-09-27T17:42:02Z","timestamp":1727458922000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pmed.1004461"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Andrew","family":"Shennan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,13]]},"references-count":102,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,13]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pmed.1004461","relation":{"new_version":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1004461","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1549-1676"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1549-1676","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,13]]}}}