{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T12:06:00Z","timestamp":1793189160325,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,25]],"date-time":"2025-09-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758758400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82430105"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82430105"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"shanghai belt and road joint laboratory project","award":["22230750300"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22230750300"]}]},{"name":"Shanghai Municipal Science and Technology Major Project","award":["2023SHZDZX02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023SHZDZX02"]}]},{"name":"Shanghai International Science and Technology Partnership Project","award":["21230780200"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21230780200"]}]},{"name":"Shanghai International Science and Technology Partnership Project","award":["21230780200"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21230780200"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosmedicine.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Med"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Climate change has exacerbated the frequency, intensity, and impacts of extreme weather events (EWEs), such as tropical cyclones. However, the increasing impact of tropical cyclones on child mortality, especially in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), remains understudied.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Methods and findings<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Utilizing individual-level data from the Demographic and Health Surveys, we conducted a sibling-matched case-control study to assess the impact of cyclone exposure over the past 3 months on under-five mortality. The study included 100,798 under-five deaths and 247,445 controls across 34 LMICs from 1993 to 2021. After adjusting for key meteorological and temporal confounders and maternal age, significant positive associations were observed between under-five deaths and cyclone exposure over the past 3 months before death (odds ratio [OR]: 1.038, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.002, 1.075; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.041). Specifically, the strongest effects were observed in the first month before death (OR: 1.101, 95% CI: 1.039, 1.166; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001), diminishing in the second and third months before death. We estimated that cyclone exposure 0\u201330 days before death may have caused 0.85 million under-five deaths (95% CI: 0.35 million, 1.32 million) in countries exposed to cyclones from 2000 to 2020. As an observational study, its use of self-reported data and dichotomous exposure assessment may introduce recall bias and exposure misclassification, limiting accuracy and representativeness.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>This global analysis demonstrates the substantial under-five mortality risk from cyclones, emphasizing the importance of targeted strategies to enhance community resilience against the growing threat of EWEs on children, such as improving access to water sources and sanitation facilities.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1004735","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,25]],"date-time":"2025-09-25T17:21:36Z","timestamp":1758820896000},"page":"e1004735","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pmed.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Cyclone exposure and mortality risk of children under 5 years old: An observational study in 34 low- and middle-income countries"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5652-6798","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yichen","family":"Guo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yixiang","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8470-0834","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Cheng","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ya","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lu","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6894-1235","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jovine","family":"Bachwenkizi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1871-8999","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Haidong","family":"Kan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9448-0820","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Renjie","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,25]]},"reference":[{"issue":"12","key":"pmed.1004735.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"808","DOI":"10.1038\/s41893-018-0165-2","article-title":"Normalized hurricane damage in the continental United States 1900\u20132017","volume":"1","author":"J Weinkle","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Sustain"},{"issue":"11","key":"pmed.1004735.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116003","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP11252","article-title":"Impact of hurricanes and associated extreme weather events on cardiovascular health: a scoping review","volume":"130","author":"AK Ghosh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"issue":"1","key":"pmed.1004735.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1004341","article-title":"Tropical cyclone-specific mortality risks and the periods of concern: a multicountry time-series study","volume":"21","author":"W Huang","year":"2024","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"pmed.1004735.ref004","unstructured":"Society AM. Tropical cyclone; 2022. [updated 2022\/12\/15; cited 2025 July 10]. Available from: https:\/\/glossary.ametsoc.org\/wiki\/Tropical_cyclone"},{"key":"#cr-split#-pmed.1004735.ref005.1","unstructured":"Organization WM. Classification of tropical cyclones 2023. [updated 2023\/09\/20"},{"key":"#cr-split#-pmed.1004735.ref005.2","unstructured":"cited 2025 July 10]. Available from: https:\/\/wmo.int\/content\/classification-of-tropical-cyclones"},{"key":"pmed.1004735.ref006","unstructured":"Organization TWM. Tropical cyclone; 2024. [cited 2024 Dec10]. Available from: https:\/\/wmo.int\/topics\/tropical-cyclone"},{"issue":"1","key":"pmed.1004735.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1038\/s41558-023-01869-0","article-title":"Justice considerations in climate research","volume":"14","author":"C Zimm","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Clim Chang"},{"issue":"1","key":"pmed.1004735.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-polisci-051120-125514","article-title":"Three Faces of climate justice","volume":"25","author":"N Dol\u0161ak","year":"2022","journal-title":"Annu Rev Polit Sci"},{"issue":"46","key":"pmed.1004735.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28692","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2006213117","article-title":"Government effectiveness and institutions as determinants of tropical cyclone mortality","volume":"117","author":"E Tennant","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"pmed.1004735.ref010","volume-title":"Climate change 2022: impacts, adaptation and vulnerability: working group II contribution to the sixth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change","author":"H-O P\u00f6rtner","year":"2022"},{"issue":"2","key":"pmed.1004735.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMsa1803972","article-title":"Mortality in Puerto Rico after Hurricane Maria","volume":"379","author":"N Kishore","year":"2018","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"pmed.1004735.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0131423","article-title":"Impacts of different grades of tropical cyclones on infectious diarrhea in Guangdong, 2005-2011","volume":"10","author":"R Kang","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"pmed.1004735.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiad348","article-title":"Evolution of spatial risk of malaria infection after a pragmatic chemoprevention program in response to severe flooding in rural Western Uganda","volume":"229","author":"E Xu","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"pmed.1004735.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000003522","article-title":"Peripartum outcomes before and after hurricane harvey","volume":"134","author":"H Mendez-Figueroa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"pmed.1004735.ref015","article-title":"Assessment of health status of newborns discharged from sick newborn care units of the five cyclone fani affected districts of Odisha, India","volume":"17","author":"V Bhatia","year":"2022","journal-title":"Disaster Med Public Health Prep"},{"issue":"8","key":"pmed.1004735.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/S2542-5196(21)00179-0","article-title":"Systematic mapping of global research on climate and health: a machine learning review","volume":"5","author":"L Berrang-Ford","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Planet Health"},{"issue":"11","key":"pmed.1004735.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111306","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP12241","article-title":"Invited perspective: uncovering the hidden burden of tropical cyclones on public health locally and worldwide","volume":"130","author":"RM Parks","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"issue":"2","key":"pmed.1004735.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1017\/dmp.2015.165","article-title":"Characterizing hospital admissions to a tertiary care hospital after Typhoon Haiyan","volume":"10","author":"MP Chang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Disaster Med Public Health Prep"},{"issue":"1","key":"pmed.1004735.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.5365\/wpsar.2014.5.1.010","article-title":"A community-based gastroenteritis outbreak after Typhoon Haiyan, Leyte, Philippines, 2013","volume":"6","author":"RJ Ventura","year":"2015","journal-title":"Western Pac Surveill Response J"},{"issue":"1","key":"pmed.1004735.ref020","article-title":"The impact of Typhoon Haiyan on admissions in two hospitals in Eastern Visayas, Philippines","volume":"13","author":"JAF van Loenhout","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"4","key":"pmed.1004735.ref021","first-page":"395","article-title":"Rapid situation & response assessment of diarrhoea outbreak in a coastal district following tropical cyclone AILA in India","volume":"133","author":"S Panda","year":"2011","journal-title":"Indian J Med Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"pmed.1004735.ref022","first-page":"73","article-title":"Risk factors for mortality in the Bangladesh cyclone of 1991","volume":"71","author":"C Bern","year":"1993","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"issue":"12","key":"pmed.1004735.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7015","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph10127015","article-title":"Factors increasing vulnerability to health effects before, during and after floods","volume":"10","author":"D Lowe","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"pmed.1004735.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1080\/17441692.2020.1860247","article-title":"A systematic review and meta-analysis assessing the impact of droughts, flooding, and climate variability on malnutrition","volume":"17","author":"M Lieber","year":"2022","journal-title":"Glob Public Health"},{"key":"pmed.1004735.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2016.06.226","article-title":"Faecal contamination of household drinking water in Rwanda: a national cross-sectional study","volume":"571","author":"MA Kirby","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"pmed.1004735.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-072X-7-17","article-title":"Addressing diarrhea prevalence in the West African Middle Belt: social and geographic dimensions in a case study for Benin","volume":"7","author":"S Pande","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int J Health Geogr"},{"issue":"3","key":"pmed.1004735.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0000000000001728","article-title":"Long-term impact of tropical cyclones on disease exacerbation among children with asthma in the Eastern United States, 2000-2018","volume":"35","author":"KR Weinberger","year":"2024","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"issue":"1","key":"pmed.1004735.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1186\/s41256-021-00228-w","article-title":"The impact of Hurricane Maria on Puerto Rico\u2019s health system: post-disaster perceptions and experiences of health care providers and administrators","volume":"6","author":"SL Rodr\u00edguez-Madera","year":"2021","journal-title":"Glob Health Res Policy"},{"issue":"1","key":"pmed.1004735.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1186\/s12873-023-00844-4","article-title":"Association between natural hazards and postnatal care among the neonates in India: a step towards full coverage using geospatial approach","volume":"23","author":"P Barman","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Emerg Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"pmed.1004735.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2056","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.2020.01125","article-title":"Health risks due to climate change: inequity in causes and consequences","volume":"39","author":"KL Ebi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Health Aff (Millwood)"},{"issue":"6","key":"pmed.1004735.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1602","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dys184","article-title":"Demographic and health surveys: a profile","volume":"41","author":"DJ Corsi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"pmed.1004735.ref032","author":"A Aliaga","year":"2006"},{"issue":"8","key":"pmed.1004735.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/S2542-5196(23)00143-2","article-title":"Global short-term mortality risk and burden associated with tropical cyclones from 1980 to 2019: a multi-country time-series study","volume":"7","author":"W Huang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Planet Health"},{"issue":"730","key":"pmed.1004735.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1999","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.3803","article-title":"The ERA5 global reanalysis","volume":"146","author":"H Hersbach","year":"2020","journal-title":"Q J R Meteorol\u00a0Soc"},{"issue":"5","key":"pmed.1004735.ref035","article-title":"Association between pregnancy loss and ambient PM2\u00b75 using survey data in Africa: a longitudinal case-control study, 1998-2016","volume":"3","author":"T Xue","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Planet Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"pmed.1004735.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-44508-0","article-title":"Flood exposure and pregnancy loss in 33 developing countries","volume":"15","author":"C He","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"24","key":"pmed.1004735.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1749","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.121.057179","article-title":"Hourly air pollutants and acute coronary syndrome onset in 1.29 million patients","volume":"145","author":"R Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"7382","key":"pmed.1004735.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.326.7382.219","article-title":"Interaction revisited: the difference between two estimates","volume":"326","author":"DG Altman","year":"2003","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"1","key":"pmed.1004735.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21802","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-72142-3","article-title":"The early prognostic value of the 1-4-day BCM\/PA trend after admission in neurocritical patients","volume":"14","author":"J Peng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"7","key":"pmed.1004735.ref040","first-page":"588","article-title":"Inflammatory factors and prostate cancer: two-sample Mendelian randomization analysis","volume":"30","author":"Y Zeng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Zhonghua Nan Ke Xue"},{"issue":"1","key":"pmed.1004735.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18058","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-65144-8","article-title":"Personalizing driver safety interfaces via driver cognitive factors inference","volume":"14","author":"ES Sumner","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"pmed.1004735.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10171","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-54561-y","article-title":"Burden of infant mortality associated with flood in 37 African countries","volume":"15","author":"Y Zhu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"pmed.1004735.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.f7450","article-title":"Converting an odds ratio to a range of plausible relative risks for better communication of research findings","volume":"348","author":"RL Grant","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"19","key":"pmed.1004735.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1690","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.280.19.1690","article-title":"What\u2019s the relative risk? A method of correcting the odds ratio in cohort studies of common outcomes","volume":"280","author":"J Zhang","year":"1998","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"1","key":"pmed.1004735.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/ajhb.23846","article-title":"Severe cyclones and sex-specific birth outcomes in Queensland, Australia: an interrupted time-series analysis","volume":"35","author":"C Parayiwa","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am J Hum Biol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pmed.1004735.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-7717.2010.01163.x","article-title":"Fiji\u2019s worst natural disaster: the 1931 hurricane and flood","volume":"34","author":"SW Yeo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Disasters"},{"issue":"1","key":"pmed.1004735.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1017\/S1935789300002433","article-title":"Child mortality after Hurricane Katrina","volume":"4","author":"RK Kanter","year":"2010","journal-title":"Disaster Med Public Health Prep"},{"issue":"1","key":"pmed.1004735.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-069X-10-11","article-title":"Long-term effects of flooding on mortality in England and Wales, 1994-2005: controlled interrupted time-series analysis","volume":"10","author":"A Milojevic","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"pmed.1004735.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1097\/PAF.0b013e318175dd5e","article-title":"Mortality surveillance: 2004 to 2005 Florida hurricane-related deaths","volume":"29","author":"P Ragan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Forensic Med Pathol"},{"issue":"4","key":"pmed.1004735.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1136\/injuryprev-2019-043225","article-title":"Trends in the drowning mortality rate in Iran","volume":"26","author":"P Derakhshan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Inj Prev"},{"key":"pmed.1004735.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.9745\/GHSP-D-21-00796","article-title":"Maternal and child health care service disruptions and recovery in Mozambique after Cyclone Idai: an uncontrolled interrupted time series analysis","volume":"10","author":"Q Fernandes","year":"2022","journal-title":"Glob Health Sci Pract"},{"issue":"4","key":"pmed.1004735.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1118","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-024-02833-x","article-title":"Impact of extreme weather events on healthcare utilization and mortality in the United States","volume":"30","author":"RN Salas","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"pmed.1004735.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apgeog.2011.08.009","article-title":"Climate change and human health: spatial modeling of water availability, malnutrition, and livelihoods in Mali, Africa","volume":"33","author":"MM Jankowska","year":"2012","journal-title":"Appl Geogr"},{"key":"pmed.1004735.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114081","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2022.114081","article-title":"Urban flooding and risk of leptospirosis; Pakistan on the verge of a new disaster: a call for action","volume":"248","author":"ST Rehan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Hyg Environ Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"pmed.1004735.ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a116860","article-title":"Mortality-discriminating power of some nutritional, sociodemographic, and diarrheal disease indices","volume":"138","author":"R Bairagi","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"pmed.1004735.ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-072X-10-14","article-title":"Spatio-temporal analysis of mortality among children under the age of five in Manhi\u00e7a (Mozambique) during the period 1997-2005","volume":"10","author":"G Escaram\u00eds","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int J Health Geogr"},{"key":"pmed.1004735.ref057","unstructured":"Kudamatsu M, Persson T, Str\u00f6mberg D. Weather and infant mortality in Africa. 2012."},{"key":"pmed.1004735.ref058","first-page":"191","article-title":"The potential impacts of climate variability and change on health impacts of extreme weather events in the United States","volume":"109","author":"G Greenough","year":"2001","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"pmed.1004735.ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2672.94.s1.5.x","article-title":"Climate change and waterborne and vector-borne disease","volume":"94","author":"PR Hunter","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Appl Microbiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pmed.1004735.ref060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-7717.2007.00340.x","article-title":"Risk of flood-related mortality in Nepal","volume":"31","author":"EK Pradhan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Disasters"},{"key":"pmed.1004735.ref061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"913064","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/913064","article-title":"Health effects of coastal storms and flooding in urban areas: a review and vulnerability assessment","volume":"2013","author":"K Lane","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Environ Public Health"},{"key":"pmed.1004735.ref062","first-page":"101113","article-title":"The impact of climate change on infant mortality in Viet Nam: identifying a need for higher quality accessible data","volume":"47","author":"J Harrison","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Reg Health West Pac"},{"issue":"22","key":"pmed.1004735.ref063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11975","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1920849117","article-title":"Global increase in major tropical cyclone exceedance probability over the past four decades","volume":"117","author":"JP Kossin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"12","key":"pmed.1004735.ref064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1353","DOI":"10.1038\/s41558-023-01852-9","article-title":"Thunderstorm straight line winds intensify with climate change","volume":"13","author":"AF Prein","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Clim Chang"},{"issue":"1","key":"pmed.1004735.ref065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1006355210516","article-title":"Climate change impacts and human settlements in Africa: prospects for adaptation","volume":"61","author":"CHD Magadza","year":"2000","journal-title":"Environ Monit Assess"},{"key":"pmed.1004735.ref066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fclim.2024.1356724","article-title":"Crafting effective oversight for the long-term storage of spent nuclear fuel on sites at risk of climate and coastal hazards","volume":"6","author":"A Brown","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Clim"},{"issue":"8","key":"pmed.1004735.ref067","article-title":"A meta-analysis of global urban land expansion","volume":"6","author":"KC Seto","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"3","key":"pmed.1004735.ref068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0118571","article-title":"Future coastal population growth and exposure to sea-level rise and coastal flooding\u2014a global assessment","volume":"10","author":"B Neumann","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"11","key":"pmed.1004735.ref069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1115","DOI":"10.3390\/su8111115","article-title":"Resilience of infrastructure systems to sea-level rise in coastal areas: impacts, adaptation measures, and implementation challenges","volume":"8","author":"B Azevedo de Almeida","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sustainability"}],"container-title":["PLOS Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pmed.1004735","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,25]],"date-time":"2025-09-25T17:21:53Z","timestamp":1758820913000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pmed.1004735"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Zulfiqar A.","family":"Bhutta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,25]]},"references-count":70,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,25]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pmed.1004735","relation":{},"ISSN":["1549-1676"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1549-1676","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,25]]}}}