{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T01:21:26Z","timestamp":1788744086312,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]],"date-time":"2026-02-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770854400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000291","name":"Kidney research UK","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["16091"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["16091"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000291","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosmedicine.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Med"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Sarcopenia is common in chronic kidney disease (CKD) and linked to higher mortality, but identifying those at risk remains challenging. Indices combining serum creatinine and cystatin C (eGFRratio and eGFRdifference) have been studied, but have tended to perform worse in those with CKD. This study aimed to examine the relationship of Creatinine Muscle Index (CMI), an estimate of glomerular filtration of creatinine, with sarcopenia and mortality in a non-dialysis CKD population.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods and findings<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      NURTuRE-CKD is a prospective, multicentre cohort study of people with non-dialysis CKD in the UK. Two thousand nine hundred ninety-six individuals were enrolled between July 2017 and September 2019. Cystatin C measurements were available in 2,930 adults. CMI (mg\/day) was calculated as eGFR cystatin C\u2009\u00d7\u2009serum creatinine concentration. The relationships between CMI and: (1) probable sarcopenia (defined as the best hand grip strength of &lt;27\u2009kg for males and &lt;16\u2009kg for females); (2) individual muscle function measures including hand grip strength (kg) and timed get-up-and-go (TUG) (seconds); (3) all-cause mortality were assessed using Spearman\u2019s correlation, logistic regression, and Cox proportional hazards models, stratified by sex and adjusted for age, ethnicity, body mass index, smoking status, Charlson Comorbidity Index, urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio, and C-reactive protein. TUG test is the time taken to stand from a chair, walk 3 m, turn, return, and sit down. Among 1,723 males and 1,207 females, the median (IQR) age was 66 (53\u201374) years, and the median eGFRcreatinine was 34 (24\u201347) ml\/min\/1.73m\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      . A total of 806 participants (27.5%) had probable sarcopenia, and over a median follow-up period of 50 (41 to 56) months, 527 (18%) died. The adjusted OR for probable sarcopenia per 100\u2009mg\/day increase in CMI was OR 0.72 (95% CI 0.67, 0.78\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      value &lt;0.001) in males and OR 0.81 (95% CI 0.73, 0.89\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      value\u2009&lt;\u20090.001) in females. CMI correlated positively with grip strength (\n                      <jats:italic>\u03c1<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.47 [0.43, 0.50] and 0.45 [0.40, 0.49]) and negatively with TUG (\n                      <jats:italic>\u03c1<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009\u20130.37 [\u22120.41, \u22120.32] and \u22120.44 [\u22120.49, \u22120.40]) in males and females, respectively. In adjusted models, the HR for mortality per 100\u2009mg\/day increase in CMI was HR 0.85 (95% CI 0.78, 0.90\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      value\u2009&lt;\u20090.001) in males and HR 0.77 (95% CI 0.67, 0.87\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      value\u2009&lt;\u20090.001) in females. In males and females, respectively, the C-index of CMI for probable sarcopenia (0.73 and 0.71) and mortality (0.70 and 0.76) was higher than that of the eGFR ratio (probable sarcopenia: 0.64 and 0.61; mortality: 0.60 and 0.65; all\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001) and the eGFR difference (probable sarcopenia: 0.59 and 0.57; mortality: 0.56 and 0.59; all\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001) Limitations include the observational design, the assessment of muscle function without direct measurement of muscle mass, and limited generalisability to CKD populations not followed in secondary care.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In persons with CKD, CMI\u2014a biomarker reflecting creatinine generation\u2014was independently associated with muscle function and mortality, supporting its utility in populations with reduced kidney function.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1004775","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]],"date-time":"2026-02-12T18:21:53Z","timestamp":1770920513000},"page":"e1004775","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pmed.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Associations of Creatinine Muscle Index with markers of sarcopenia and mortality in chronic kidney disease: A prospective cohort study"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2898-4457","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Thomas","family":"McDonnell","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6059-745X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Thomas","family":"Phillips","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philip A.","family":"Kalra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4172-4406","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Simon D. S.","family":"Fraser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0042-8715","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Rosamonde E.","family":"Banks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicolas","family":"Vuilleumier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9065-212X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Maarten W.","family":"Taal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"on behalf of the NURTuRE-CKD academic steering group","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"pmed.1004775.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.14283\/jfa.2017.30","article-title":"Implications of ICD-10 for sarcopenia clinical practice and clinical trials: report by the International Conference on Frailty and Sarcopenia Research Task Force","volume":"7","author":"B Vellas","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Frailty Aging"},{"issue":"8","key":"pmed.1004775.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1080\/07853890.2018.1511918","article-title":"Implications of low muscle mass across the continuum of care: a narrative review","volume":"50","author":"CM Prado","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"pmed.1004775.ref003","first-page":"271","article-title":"Functional consequences of sarcopenia and dynapenia in the elderly","volume":"13","author":"BC Clark","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care"},{"issue":"1","key":"pmed.1004775.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afy169","article-title":"Sarcopenia: revised European consensus on definition and diagnosis","volume":"48","author":"AJ Cruz-Jentoft","year":"2019","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"key":"pmed.1004775.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/127.5.990S","article-title":"Sarcopenia: origins and clinical relevance","volume":"127","author":"IH Rosenberg","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"pmed.1004775.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2318-11-47","article-title":"Recent trends in chronic disease, impairment and disability among older adults in the United States","volume":"11","author":"WW Hung","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMC Geriatr"},{"key":"pmed.1004775.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155557","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2023.155557","article-title":"Sarcopenia in youth","volume":"144","author":"HN Jung","year":"2023","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"issue":"9","key":"pmed.1004775.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneph.2014.112","article-title":"Mechanisms of muscle wasting in chronic kidney disease","volume":"10","author":"XH Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat Rev Nephrol"},{"issue":"4","key":"pmed.1004775.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1347","DOI":"10.1007\/s40620-020-00840-y","article-title":"Sarcopenia in chronic kidney disease: what have we learned so far?","volume":"34","author":"A Sabatino","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Nephrol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pmed.1004775.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.13425","article-title":"Prevalence of sarcopenia in patients with chronic kidney disease: a global systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"15","author":"MP Duarte","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"issue":"10","key":"pmed.1004775.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1718","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfv133","article-title":"Sarcopenia in chronic kidney disease on conservative therapy: prevalence and association with mortality","volume":"30","author":"RA Pereira","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"issue":"3","key":"pmed.1004775.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/37.3.478","article-title":"Measurement of muscle mass in humans: validity of the 24-hour urinary creatinine method","volume":"37","author":"SB Heymsfield","year":"1983","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"12","key":"pmed.1004775.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2095","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.03790414","article-title":"Urinary creatinine excretion, bioelectrical impedance analysis, and clinical outcomes in patients with CKD: the CRIC study","volume":"9","author":"FP Wilson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"issue":"11","key":"pmed.1004775.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1877","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.01350213","article-title":"Urine creatinine excretion and clinical outcomes in CKD","volume":"8","author":"L Di Micco","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pmed.1004775.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.0000000000000037","article-title":"A novel creatinine muscle index based on creatinine filtration: associations with frailty and mortality","volume":"34","author":"SH Ballew","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"issue":"6","key":"pmed.1004775.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1097\/MNH.0000000000001022","article-title":"Serum creatinine and serum cystatin C as an index of muscle mass in adults","volume":"33","author":"C Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens"},{"issue":"3","key":"pmed.1004775.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2024.09.013","article-title":"Glomerular filtration of creatinine: validation of a novel index of muscle mass among older adults","volume":"85","author":"T Oka","year":"2025","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"issue":"11","key":"pmed.1004775.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2617","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfad110","article-title":"Associations with age and glomerular filtration rate in a referred population with chronic kidney disease: methods and baseline data from a UK multicentre cohort study (NURTuRE-CKD)","volume":"38","author":"MW Taal","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"issue":"2","key":"pmed.1004775.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/ckj\/sfae010","article-title":"Potentially modifiable factors associated with health-related quality of life among people with chronic kidney disease: baseline findings from the National Unified Renal Translational Research Enterprise CKD (NURTuRE-CKD) cohort","volume":"17","author":"T Phillips","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin Kidney J"},{"issue":"5","key":"pmed.1004775.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.3109\/00365513.2010.491124","article-title":"Performance evaluation of a turbidimetric cystatin C assay on different high-throughput platforms","volume":"70","author":"L-O Hansson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Scand J Clin Lab Invest"},{"key":"pmed.1004775.ref021","year":"2021"},{"issue":"4","key":"pmed.1004775.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2011.05.019","article-title":"Expressing the CKD-EPI (Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration) cystatin C equations for estimating GFR with standardized serum cystatin C values","volume":"58","author":"LA Inker","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"issue":"19","key":"pmed.1004775.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1737","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2102953","article-title":"New creatinine- and cystatin C-based equations to estimate GFR without race","volume":"385","author":"LA Inker","year":"2021","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"pmed.1004775.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.1984.2.3.187","article-title":"Karnofsky performance status revisited: reliability, validity, and guidelines","volume":"2","author":"CC Schag","year":"1984","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"issue":"4","key":"pmed.1004775.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/geronj\/46.4.M139","article-title":"The use of the Karnofsky Performance Scale in determining outcomes and risk in geriatric outpatients","volume":"46","author":"V Crooks","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Gerontol"},{"issue":"7","key":"pmed.1004775.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1717","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-012-0322-4","article-title":"Measurement properties of the EQ-5D-5L compared to the EQ-5D-3L across eight patient groups: a multi-country study","volume":"22","author":"MF Janssen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Qual Life Res"},{"key":"pmed.1004775.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-70178-3_2","article-title":"Sex differences in body composition","volume":"1043","author":"MA Bredella","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv Exp Med Biol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pmed.1004775.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.2165\/00003088-197904030-00003","article-title":"Use of serum creatinine concentrations to determine renal function","volume":"4","author":"TD Bjornsson","year":"1979","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacokinet"},{"issue":"4","key":"pmed.1004775.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1416","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1523-1755.2004.00517.x","article-title":"Factors influencing serum cystatin C levels other than renal function and the impact on renal function measurement","volume":"65","author":"EL Knight","year":"2004","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"issue":"3","key":"pmed.1004775.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2024.3604","article-title":"Sarcopenia and sarcopenic obesity and mortality among older people","volume":"7","author":"E Benz","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"issue":"1","key":"pmed.1004775.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-024-04993-4","article-title":"Effects of cigarette smoking associated with sarcopenia in persons 60 years and older: a cross-sectional study in Zhejiang province","volume":"24","author":"J Lin","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Geriatr"},{"issue":"1","key":"pmed.1004775.ref032","first-page":"126","article-title":"Implications of race and ethnicity in sarcopenia US national prevalence of sarcopenia by muscle mass, strength, and function indices","volume":"4","author":"B G","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gerontol Geriatr Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"pmed.1004775.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1159\/000521288","article-title":"Charlson comorbidity index: a critical review of clinimetric properties","volume":"91","author":"ME Charlson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Psychother Psychosom"},{"issue":"1","key":"pmed.1004775.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-024-07412-2","article-title":"Correlational analysis of sarcopenia and multimorbidity among older inpatients","volume":"25","author":"W Xia","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskelet Disord"},{"issue":"52","key":"pmed.1004775.ref035","article-title":"Association between C-reactive protein and sarcopenia: The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey","volume":"103","author":"Y Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"issue":"6","key":"pmed.1004775.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afu115","article-title":"Prevalence of and interventions for sarcopenia in ageing adults: a systematic review. Report of the International Sarcopenia Initiative (EWGSOP and IWGS)","volume":"43","author":"AJ Cruz-Jentoft","year":"2014","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"issue":"10","key":"pmed.1004775.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afac220","article-title":"Sarcopenia definition, diagnosis and treatment: consensus is growing","volume":"51","author":"AA Sayer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"issue":"9990","key":"pmed.1004775.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)62000-6","article-title":"Prognostic value of grip strength: findings from the Prospective Urban Rural Epidemiology (PURE) study","volume":"386","author":"DP Leong","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"9","key":"pmed.1004775.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1199","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glx245","article-title":"Associations of sarcopenia definitions, and their components, with the incidence of recurrent falling and fractures: the longitudinal aging study Amsterdam","volume":"73","author":"LA Schaap","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci"},{"issue":"11","key":"pmed.1004775.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3588","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfr013","article-title":"Handgrip strength is an independent predictor of renal outcomes in patients with chronic kidney diseases","volume":"26","author":"Y-T Chang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"issue":"5","key":"pmed.1004775.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2012070702","article-title":"Association between physical performance and all-cause mortality in CKD","volume":"24","author":"B Roshanravan","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"pmed.1004775.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"828880","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.828880","article-title":"A novel application of serum creatinine and cystatin C to predict sarcopenia in advanced CKD","volume":"9","author":"Y-L Lin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Nutr"},{"issue":"5","key":"pmed.1004775.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1600","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2019.07.010","article-title":"Creatinine synthesis rate and muscle strength and self-reported physical health in dialysis patients","volume":"39","author":"ESJM Poppe","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"8","key":"pmed.1004775.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2435","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2019.10.027","article-title":"Serum creatinine to cystatin C ratio predicts skeletal muscle mass and strength in patients with non-dialysis chronic kidney disease","volume":"39","author":"Y-L Lin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"5","key":"pmed.1004775.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.23876\/j.krcp.21.214","article-title":"Serum cystatin C to creatinine ratio is associated with sarcopenia in non-dialysis-dependent chronic kidney disease","volume":"41","author":"JN An","year":"2022","journal-title":"Kidney Res Clin Pract"},{"key":"pmed.1004775.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2023.06.002","article-title":"Serum creatinine-to-cystatin C ratio as an indicator of sarcopenia in hemodialysis patients","volume":"56","author":"T Yajima","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Nutr ESPEN"},{"key":"pmed.1004775.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"996674","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.996674","article-title":"Serum creatinine to cystatin C ratio and clinical outcomes in adults with non-dialysis chronic kidney disease","volume":"9","author":"YY Hyun","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Nutr"},{"issue":"2","key":"pmed.1004775.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2025.03.018","article-title":"Complex etiologies of the discordance between cystatin C- and creatinine-based estimated GFR and its adverse associations: findings from the CRIC study","volume":"86","author":"IE McCoy","year":"2025","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"pmed.1004775.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16863","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-96447-9","article-title":"Serum indices based on creatinine and cystatin C predict mortality in patients with non-dialysis chronic kidney disease","volume":"11","author":"Y-L Lin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"2","key":"pmed.1004775.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.2010.29649","article-title":"Exercising before protein intake allows for greater use of dietary protein-derived amino acids for de novo muscle protein synthesis in both young and elderly men","volume":"93","author":"B Pennings","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"3","key":"pmed.1004775.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.11124\/JBISRIR-2017-003551","article-title":"Effectiveness of exercise interventions on physical function in community-dwelling frail older people: an umbrella review of systematic reviews","volume":"16","author":"AD Jadczak","year":"2018","journal-title":"JBI Database System Rev Implement Rep"},{"issue":"3","key":"pmed.1004775.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1007\/s13539-014-0140-3","article-title":"Anabolic exercise in haemodialysis patients: a randomised controlled pilot study","volume":"5","author":"DL Kirkman","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"issue":"1","key":"pmed.1004775.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfz210","article-title":"Muscle mass and plasma myostatin after exercise training: a substudy of Renal Exercise (RENEXC)-a randomized controlled trial","volume":"36","author":"Y Zhou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"}],"container-title":["PLOS Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pmed.1004775","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]],"date-time":"2026-02-12T18:22:02Z","timestamp":1770920522000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pmed.1004775"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Remuzzi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pmed.1004775","relation":{},"ISSN":["1549-1676"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1549-1676","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]]}}}