{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T18:51:04Z","timestamp":1791312664620,"version":"4.3.1"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1004947","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791244800000}}],"reference-count":68,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790726400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000910","name":"Conrad N. Hilton Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["33175"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["33175"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000910","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000272","name":"National Institute for Health and Care Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NIHR301621"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIHR301621"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000272","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100020171","name":"Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["(GB-EDU-133903-PENDA)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["(GB-EDU-133903-PENDA)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100020171","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosmedicine.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Med"],"abstract":"\n Background<\/jats:title>\n Mortality is a fundamental marker of population health and equity. Despite major global declines in mortality over recent decades, disparities in survival persist across childhood and adolescence, particularly by disability status. We aimed to synthesise current evidence on all-cause mortality among children and adolescents with disabilities compared to their non-disabled peers through a systematic review and meta-analysis.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods and findings<\/jats:title>\n \n This review was prospectively registered with PROSPERO (CRD420251072039). We searched Embase, Global Health, MEDLINE, PubMed and PsycInfo to identify relevant studies published from January 1, 2000 to August 20, 2026. We included cohort studies that compared all-cause mortality rates for children and adolescents with and without disabilities (aged 0\u201319 years). We excluded studies without a clear definition of disability, disaggregated mortality data, or a control group. Two authors independently screened studies, with data extraction by one and verification by a second. We assessed risk of bias using a Joanna Briggs Institute critical appraisal tool. We conducted meta-analyses in RevMan for studies reporting age-sex-adjusted or multivariable-adjusted mortality ratios and R software to assess for publication bias. We reported heterogeneity using the\n I<\/jats:italic>\n \n 2<\/jats:italic>\n <\/jats:sup>\n and\n \u03c4<\/jats:italic>\n \n 2<\/jats:italic>\n <\/jats:sup>\n statistics. We identified 12,664 records of which 29 studies met the inclusion criteria, representing over 35 million children\/adolescents. Sixteen studies were eligible to be included in the meta-analysis. Overall, children with disabilities had a 5.31-fold (95% confidence interval (CI) [3.63,7.77];\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009<\u20090.001;\n \u03c4<\/jats:italic>\n \n 2<\/jats:italic>\n <\/jats:sup>\n \u2009=\u20090.88;\n I<\/jats:italic>\n 2<\/jats:sup>\n \u2009=\u200998%) higher all-cause mortality than their peers. The association between disability and mortality was higher in both younger children 0\u20135 years (Hazard ratio (HR)=7.51: 95%CI [4.70,12.00];\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009<\u20090.001;\n \u03c4<\/jats:italic>\n \n 2<\/jats:italic>\n <\/jats:sup>\n \u2009=\u20090.44;\n I<\/jats:italic>\n \n 2<\/jats:italic>\n <\/jats:sup>\n \u2009=\u200991%) and children 6\u201319 years (HR\u2009=\u20094.68: 95%CI [2.26,9.69];\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009<\u20090.001;\n \u03c4<\/jats:italic>\n \n 2<\/jats:italic>\n <\/jats:sup>\n \u2009=\u20090.93;\n I<\/jats:italic>\n \n 2<\/jats:italic>\n <\/jats:sup>\n \u2009=\u200996%). The association varied by disability type and was most stark for children with neurological disabilities (HR\u2009=\u200911.71: 95%CI [7.90,17.35]; p\u2009<\u20090.001;\n \u03c4<\/jats:italic>\n \n 2<\/jats:italic>\n <\/jats:sup>\n \u2009=\u20090.19;\n I<\/jats:italic>\n \n 2<\/jats:italic>\n <\/jats:sup>\n \u2009=\u200976%). Interpretation is limited by substantial between-study heterogeneity, differences in methods used to ascertain disability ascertainment and in the effect measures used, and the small number of studies from low-income and middle-income countries.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n Children with disabilities experience substantially higher mortality than their peers without disabilities. There is an urgent need for evidence on what works to close the mortality gap.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1004947","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T17:42:45Z","timestamp":1790790165000},"page":"e1004947","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pmed.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The association between disability and mortality among children and adolescents: A systematic review and meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2312-0972","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Maureen","family":"Moyo-Chilufya","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Stellenbosch University","place":["Cape Town, South Africa"],"department":["Department of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Division of Physiotherapy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arthemon","family":"Nguweneza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stellenbosch University","place":["Cape Town, South Africa"],"department":["Department of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Division of Physiotherapy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6164-8877","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sara","family":"Rotenberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine","place":["London, United Kingdom"],"department":["Department of Population Health, International Centre for Evidence in Disability"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8952-0023","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Hannah","family":"Kuper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine","place":["London, United Kingdom"],"department":["Department of Population Health, International Centre for Evidence in Disability"]},{"name":"Missing Billion Initiative","place":["Seattle, Washington, United States of America"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3408-7362","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Tracey","family":"Smythe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stellenbosch University","place":["Cape Town, South Africa"],"department":["Department of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Division of Physiotherapy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"pmed.1004947.ref001","volume-title":"Children with disabilities: Every child has the right to live in an inclusive world","author":"UNICEF"},{"key":"pmed.1004947.ref002","volume-title":"Social Inclusion - Social development issues(Disability)","author":"United Nations: Department of Economic and Social Affairs"},{"key":"pmed.1004947.ref003","volume-title":"Study on stigmatization of children with disabilities","author":"Insitute of Social Studies and Analysis","year":"2016"},{"issue":"1","key":"pmed.1004947.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1080\/2331186X.2021.1952824","article-title":"Exclusion of children with disabilities from early childhood education: Including approaches of social exclusion","volume":"8","author":"DA Hirpa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cogent Education"},{"key":"pmed.1004947.ref005","first-page":"70","article-title":"Exclusion of children with disabilities in community development in Binga Rural Communities, Zimbabwe","volume":"10","author":"Q Mutale","year":"2020","journal-title":"AJSW"},{"key":"pmed.1004947.ref006","unstructured":"Kuper H, Heydt P. The Missing Billion Initiative - Access to Health Services for 1 Billion People with Disabilities. 2019."},{"issue":"1","key":"pmed.1004947.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjnph-2023-000779","article-title":"Are children with disabilities more likely to be malnourished than children without disabilities? Evidence from the Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys in 30 countries","volume":"7","author":"S Rotenberg","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMJ Nutr Prev Health"},{"issue":"10","key":"pmed.1004947.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2020-002613","article-title":"Long-term outcomes for children with disability and severe acute malnutrition in Malawi","volume":"5","author":"N Lelijveld","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ Glob Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"pmed.1004947.ref009","article-title":"Estimated prevalence of asthma in US children with developmental disabilities","volume":"3","author":"L Xie","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"pmed.1004947.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2023.06.032","article-title":"Are people with disabilities at higher risk of COVID-19-related mortality?: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"222","author":"H Kuper","year":"2023","journal-title":"Public Health"},{"issue":"18","key":"pmed.1004947.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2553","DOI":"10.1080\/09638288.2018.1561955","article-title":"How do peers promote social inclusion of children with disabilities? A mixed-methods systematic review","volume":"42","author":"RL Woodgate","year":"2020","journal-title":"Disabil Rehabil"},{"issue":"17","key":"pmed.1004947.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3849","DOI":"10.1080\/09638288.2023.2258792","article-title":"Exploring the experiences of ableism among Asian children and youth with disabilities and their families: A systematic review of qualitative studies","volume":"46","author":"Y Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Disabil Rehabil"},{"issue":"1","key":"pmed.1004947.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/jir.12118","article-title":"The stories of \u201csnake children\u201d: killing and abuse of children with developmental disabilities in West Africa","volume":"59","author":"M Bayat","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Intellect Disabil Res"},{"key":"pmed.1004947.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.4102\/ajod.v11i0.799","article-title":"Psychosocial challenges of children with disabilities in Sekhukhune District, Limpopo province of South Africa: Towards a responsive integrated disability strategy","volume":"11","author":"MM Makwela","year":"2022","journal-title":"Afr J Disabil"},{"issue":"3","key":"pmed.1004947.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1080\/09638288.2024.2356016","article-title":"Disability stigma and the pursuit of inclusion among children with physical disabilities in northwest Ethiopia","volume":"47","author":"MB Adugna","year":"2025","journal-title":"Disabil Rehabil"},{"issue":"11","key":"pmed.1004947.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1014","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.2003.046219","article-title":"Cancers and immune related diseases associated with Down\u2019s syndrome: a record linkage study","volume":"89","author":"MJ Goldacre","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"issue":"10","key":"pmed.1004947.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2570","DOI":"10.3324\/haematol.2023.283225","article-title":"Down syndrome and leukemia: From basic mechanisms to clinical advances","volume":"108","author":"A Baruchel","year":"2023","journal-title":"Haematologica"},{"issue":"6","key":"pmed.1004947.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1136\/jech-2023-220638","article-title":"Prevalence of congenital heart defects in people with Down syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"79","author":"C-X Xu","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Community Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"pmed.1004947.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.122.059706","article-title":"Cardiovascular complications of Down syndrome: scoping review and expert consensus","volume":"147","author":"K Dimopoulos","year":"2023","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"1","key":"pmed.1004947.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-019-4822-6","article-title":"Barriers and facilitators to healthcare access for children with disabilities in low and middle income sub-Saharan African countries: A scoping review","volume":"20","author":"MB Adugna","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"pmed.1004947.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(24)00042-1","article-title":"The association between disability and all-cause mortality in low-income and middle-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"12","author":"T Smythe","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"pmed.1004947.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(24)00054-9","article-title":"The association between disability and mortality: A mixed-methods study","volume":"9","author":"H Kuper","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Public Health"},{"issue":"9","key":"pmed.1004947.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2022-061636","article-title":"Rates, causes and predictors of all-cause and avoidable mortality in 163 686 children and young people with and without intellectual disabilities: A record linkage national cohort study","volume":"12","author":"LA Hughes-McCormack","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"pmed.1004947.ref024","article-title":"Systematic reviews of etiology and risk.","volume-title":"JBI manual for evidence synthesis","author":"SMZ Moola","year":"2020"},{"issue":"8","key":"pmed.1004947.ref025","article-title":"What\u2019s the risk: Differentiating risk ratios, odds ratios, and hazard ratios?","volume":"12","author":"A George","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"pmed.1004947.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2017.06.008","article-title":"Twenty-five year survival of children with intellectual disability in Western Australia","volume":"188","author":"J Bourke","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"issue":"1","key":"pmed.1004947.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2024.56042","article-title":"All-cause and cause-specific mortality in children with congenital Zika syndrome in Brazil","volume":"8","author":"LL Cardim","year":"2025","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"issue":"9983","key":"pmed.1004947.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2190","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)61684-6","article-title":"Mortality in children, adolescents, and adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: A nationwide cohort study","volume":"385","author":"S Dalsgaard","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"4","key":"pmed.1004947.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3016.2002.00430.x","article-title":"Increased mortality in children and adolescents with developmental disabilities","volume":"16","author":"P Decoufl\u00e9","year":"2002","journal-title":"Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"pmed.1004947.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.2019.128","article-title":"Suicidal behaviour among persons with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder","volume":"215","author":"C Fitzgerald","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"issue":"12","key":"pmed.1004947.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2159","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.2895","article-title":"Mortality and causes of death in patients with osteogenesis imperfecta: A register-based nationwide cohort study","volume":"31","author":"L Folkestad","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"issue":"11","key":"pmed.1004947.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2359","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.a.40528","article-title":"Multicenter study of mortality in achondroplasia","volume":"176","author":"SS Hashmi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Med Genet A"},{"issue":"4","key":"pmed.1004947.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1111\/dmcn.15420","article-title":"Survival of individuals with cerebral palsy in Victoria, Australia: A longitudinal cohort study spanning four decades","volume":"65","author":"GL Hinwood","year":"2023","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pmed.1004947.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1111\/dmcn.14715","article-title":"Adverse outcomes after major surgery in children with intellectual disability","volume":"63","author":"S-Y Huang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"issue":"4","key":"pmed.1004947.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2019-033770","article-title":"Birth incidence, deaths and hospitalisations of children and young people with Down syndrome, 1990\u20132015: Birth cohort study","volume":"10","author":"LA Hughes-McCormack","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"6","key":"pmed.1004947.ref036","article-title":"Which growth parameters can affect mortality in cerebral palsy?","volume":"14","author":"HJ Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"10","key":"pmed.1004947.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.3349\/ymj.2021.62.10.943","article-title":"Mortality of children with autism spectrum disorder using data from a large-scale Korean National Cohort","volume":"62","author":"K-N Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Yonsei Med J"},{"issue":"5","key":"pmed.1004947.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1111\/jar.12194","article-title":"Mortality rates in the general irish population compared to those with an intellectual disability from 2003 to 2012","volume":"28","author":"M McCarron","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Appl Res Intellect Disabil"},{"issue":"11","key":"pmed.1004947.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1089","DOI":"10.2165\/11317630-000000000-00000","article-title":"Mortality Associated with Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) drug treatment","volume":"32","author":"S McCarthy","year":"2009","journal-title":"Drug Safety"},{"issue":"12","key":"pmed.1004947.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0243948","article-title":"Excessive premature mortality among children with cerebral palsy in rural Uganda: A longitudinal, population-based study","volume":"15","author":"LH Namaganda","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"pmed.1004947.ref041","first-page":"30","article-title":"Cause-specific mortality of people with intellectual disability in a population-based, 35-year follow-up study","volume":"45","author":"K Patja","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Intellect Disabil Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"pmed.1004947.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1136\/ip.7.1.56","article-title":"Injury in young people with intellectual disability: descriptive epidemiology","volume":"7","author":"J Sherrard","year":"2001","journal-title":"Inj Prev"},{"issue":"8","key":"pmed.1004947.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2019-034077","article-title":"Rates and causes of mortality among children and young people with and without intellectual disabilities in Scotland: A record linkage cohort study of 796 190 school children","volume":"10","author":"GS Smith","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"1","key":"pmed.1004947.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1177\/1362361320944037","article-title":"Mortality in 787,666 school pupils with and without autism: A cohort study","volume":"25","author":"GS Smith","year":"2021","journal-title":"Autism"},{"issue":"11","key":"pmed.1004947.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1141","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2019.1944","article-title":"Association of psychiatric comorbidity with the risk of premature death among children and adults with attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder","volume":"76","author":"S Sun","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"issue":"8","key":"pmed.1004947.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1365","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-012-2589-x","article-title":"Clinical course and outcome for critically ill children with Down syndrome: a retrospective cohort study","volume":"38","author":"SM Tibby","year":"2012","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"pmed.1004947.ref047","article-title":"Prevalence and premature mortality statistics of autism spectrum disorder among children in Korea: A nationwide population-based birth cohort study","volume":"37","author":"S-M Yoo","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Korean Med Sci"},{"issue":"12","key":"pmed.1004947.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(19)30425-5","article-title":"Premature mortality in children aged 6-9 years with neurological impairments in rural Kenya: A cohort study","volume":"7","author":"JA Abuga","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"pmed.1004947.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2024-327532","article-title":"Hospital-recorded chronic health conditions in children with and without Down syndrome in England: A national cohort of births from 2003 to 2019","volume":"110","author":"J Shumway","year":"2025","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"issue":"8","key":"pmed.1004947.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1111\/ppe.70052","article-title":"Phenotyping neurodisability in hospital records in England: A national birth cohort using linked administrative data","volume":"39","author":"A Zylbersztejn","year":"2025","journal-title":"Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pmed.1004947.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2025.4335","article-title":"Mortality risk of youth with neurodevelopmental conditions: An Aotearoa New Zealand nationwide birth cohort study","volume":"180","author":"N Bowden","year":"2026","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr"},{"issue":"7","key":"pmed.1004947.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"938","DOI":"10.1111\/dmcn.70128","article-title":"Hospital admissions and school absences of primary school children with and without neurodisability","volume":"68","author":"HOPE Study Group","year":"2026","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"issue":"6","key":"pmed.1004947.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.1111\/ppe.70178","article-title":"Mortality risk between ages 11 and 22 years among young people with neurodisability in England: A national cohort study using linked health and education data","volume":"40","author":"L Macaulay","year":"2026","journal-title":"Paediatric Perinatal Epidemiol"},{"key":"pmed.1004947.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1538519","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1538519","article-title":"Health inequities among persons with disabilities: A global scoping review","volume":"13","author":"E Umucu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"pmed.1004947.ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103675","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2025.103675","article-title":"Health inequalities among people with disabilities: an umbrella review and evidence synthesis","volume":"91","author":"T Smythe","year":"2025","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"pmed.1004947.ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1080\/1034912X.2021.2004299","article-title":"Disparities in social determinants of health amongst people with disabilities","volume":"71","author":"C Friedman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Disabil Dev Educ"},{"issue":"1","key":"pmed.1004947.ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1186\/s12939-023-02035-w","article-title":"Health equity for persons with disabilities: a global scoping review on barriers and interventions in healthcare services","volume":"22","author":"M Gr\u00e9aux","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Equity Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"pmed.1004947.ref058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.2020.167","article-title":"Umbrella systematic review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses on comorbid physical conditions in people with autism spectrum disorder","volume":"218","author":"E Rydzewska","year":"2021","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"key":"pmed.1004947.ref059","first-page":"64","article-title":"Barriers to the access of people with disabilities to health services: A scoping review","volume":"56","author":"KAP Clemente","year":"2022","journal-title":"Rev Saude Publica"},{"issue":"9920","key":"pmed.1004947.ref060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)62026-7","article-title":"The Confidential Inquiry into premature deaths of people with intellectual disabilities in the UK: A population-based study","volume":"383","author":"P Heslop","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"3","key":"pmed.1004947.ref061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102027","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dhjo.2026.102027","article-title":"Disability inclusion for early childhood care and development: The twin-track approach","volume":"19","author":"BO Olusanya","year":"2026","journal-title":"Disabil Health J"},{"issue":"5","key":"pmed.1004947.ref062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(24)00042-2","article-title":"Building disability-inclusive health systems","volume":"9","author":"H Kuper","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Public Health"},{"issue":"11","key":"pmed.1004947.ref063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.22.288147","article-title":"Provision of rehabilitation for congenital conditions","volume":"100","author":"T Smythe","year":"2022","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"issue":"9","key":"pmed.1004947.ref064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-4642(26)00122-7","article-title":"Advancing health-care access to optimise health and quality of life for children and young people with Down syndrome worldwide","volume":"10","author":"T Smythe","year":"2026","journal-title":"Lancet Child Adolesc Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"pmed.1004947.ref065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100850","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lanhl.2026.100850","article-title":"Strengthening health-care pathways for people with Down syndrome","volume":"7","author":"K Greenland","year":"2026","journal-title":"Lancet Healthy Longev"},{"issue":"2","key":"pmed.1004947.ref066","article-title":"The use of the Washington Group on Disability Statistics questionnaires to identify hearing disability: A systematic review","volume":"34","author":"JD Moreno","year":"2022","journal-title":"Codas"},{"issue":"17","key":"pmed.1004947.ref067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3085","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16173085","article-title":"Disability-disaggregated data collection: Hospital-based application of the Washington group questions in an eye hospital in Paraguay","volume":"16","author":"M M\u00f6rchen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"pmed.1004947.ref068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.15.156869","article-title":"Disability, noncommunicable disease and health information","volume":"94","author":"NC Richards","year":"2016","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1004947","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791244800000}}],"container-title":["PLOS Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pmed.1004947","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T17:57:02Z","timestamp":1791309422000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pmed.1004947"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Lars \u00c5ke","family":"Persson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine","place":["UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]]},"references-count":68,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pmed.1004947","relation":{},"ISSN":["1549-1676"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1549-1676","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]]}}}