{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T18:36:41Z","timestamp":1793126201457,"version":"4.5.0"},"update-to":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1004977","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1793059200000}}],"reference-count":74,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792540800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"GW4 BioMed MRC Doctoral Training Partnership"},{"name":"GW4 BioMed MRC Doctoral Training Partnership"},{"name":"Bristol Postgraduate Research Scholarship"},{"name":"Bristol Postgraduate Research Scholarship"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100018734","name":"Joint United Nations Programme on HIV\/AIDS","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2024\/1464836"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024\/1464836"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100018734","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100018734","name":"Joint United Nations Programme on HIV\/AIDS","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2024\/1464836"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024\/1464836"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100018734","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100018734","name":"Joint United Nations Programme on HIV\/AIDS","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2024\/1464836"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024\/1464836"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100018734","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100018734","name":"Joint United Nations Programme on HIV\/AIDS","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2024\/1464836"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024\/1464836"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100018734","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100018734","name":"Joint United Nations Programme on HIV\/AIDS","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2024\/1464836"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024\/1464836"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100018734","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100018734","name":"Joint United Nations Programme on HIV\/AIDS","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2024\/1464836"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024\/1464836"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100018734","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["226619\/Z\/22\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["226619\/Z\/22\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["226619\/Z\/22\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["226619\/Z\/22\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["226619\/Z\/22\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["226619\/Z\/22\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["226619\/Z\/22\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["226619\/Z\/22\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosmedicine.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Med"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Female sex workers (FSW) are a key population for HIV prevention and care. Increasing evidence suggests that social and structural barriers are key drivers of HIV transmission. This global systematic review assesses whether experiencing violence is associated with worse HIV outcomes among FSW.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods and findings<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We searched MEDLINE, Embase, and PsycINFO databases for studies published from January 1st, 2010 to June 9th, 2026 assessing the impact of violence on HIV outcomes among FSW, without restriction to language and study design. Some studies had multiple estimates due to reporting on multiple outcomes or exposures of interest. We pooled data from eligible studies using multi-level random-effects meta-analyses to quantify associations between recent (past year) or lifetime exposure to violence (physical, sexual, emotional\/psychological, and\/or financial) and HIV outcomes (prevalent and incident HIV infection, HIV testing, ART use, ART adherence, and viral suppression) among FSW. We preferentially used adjusted estimates over unadjusted estimates if both were available.<\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We included 94 studies with 226 estimates, comprising 186,613 FSWs in 39 countries. Half the included studies were in low- and middle-income countries (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200947, 50%), and one-fifth were in low-income countries (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200918; 19%). We found higher odds of prevalent HIV infection among FSWs with recent (pooled odds ratio (pOR):1.31; 95% CI [1.16,1.48]; I\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      : 63%;\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200975 estimates) and lifetime (pOR:1.35; 95% CI [1.23,1.48]; I\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      : 39%;\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200968) experiences of violence. When stratifying violence by type, we found the strongest pooled associations between recent (pOR:1.55; 95% CI [1.24,1.94]; I\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      : 69%;\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200928) and lifetime (pOR:1.40; 95% CI [1.21,1.63]; I\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      : 47%;\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200928) experiences of sexual violence and HIV prevalence. Recently experiencing violence was associated with reduced odds of ART use (pOR:0.78; 95% CI [0.64,0.94]; I\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      : 8%;\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200917). Lifetime exposure to violence was associated with reduced odds of viral suppression (pOR:0.88; 95% CI [0.79,0.98]; I\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      : 20%;\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20096). There was no evidence of associations between violence and HIV incidence, HIV testing, and ART adherence.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>Our study had limitations, notably the cross-sectional design of most included studies, the heterogeneity in pooled estimates, and the difficulties of measuring experiences of violence.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Experiencing violence is associated with greater odds of prevalent HIV infections, and poorer HIV treatment outcomes among FSWs. HIV interventions for FSWs must address violence as a structural determinant of HIV.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1004977","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T17:47:39Z","timestamp":1792604859000},"page":"e1004977","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pmed.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Impact of violence on HIV outcomes among female sex workers: A global systematic review and meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3227-9849","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Joshua","family":"Dawe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Bristol","place":["Bristol, England"],"department":["Bristol Population Health Science Institute, Bristol Medical School"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9303-6541","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Khadimul Anam","family":"Mazhar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Bristol","place":["Bristol, England"],"department":["Bristol Population Health Science Institute, Bristol Medical School"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1316-359X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Saher Aijaz","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Bristol","place":["Bristol, England"],"department":["Bristol Population Health Science Institute, Bristol Medical School"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8312-0643","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Belinda Jackson","family":"Njiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Bristol","place":["Bristol, England"],"department":["Bristol Population Health Science Institute, Bristol Medical School"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Victoria","family":"Bendaud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Joint United Nations Program on HIV\/AIDS (UNAIDS)","place":["Geneva, Switzerland"],"department":["Data for Impact"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2290-8621","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Keith","family":"Sabin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Joint United Nations Program on HIV\/AIDS (UNAIDS)","place":["Geneva, Switzerland"],"department":["Data for Impact"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julie","family":"Ambia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Bristol","place":["Bristol, England"],"department":["Bristol Population Health Science Institute, Bristol Medical School"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3462-2898","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Adam","family":"Trickey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Bristol","place":["Bristol, England"],"department":["Bristol Population Health Science Institute, Bristol Medical School"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6557-1523","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Lucy","family":"Barrass","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Bristol","place":["Bristol, England"],"department":["Bristol Population Health Science Institute, Bristol Medical School"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Asra","family":"Asgharzadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Bristol","place":["Bristol, England"],"department":["Bristol Population Health Science Institute, Bristol Medical School"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4584-0068","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jack","family":"Stone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Bristol","place":["Bristol, England"],"department":["Bristol Population Health Science Institute, Bristol Medical School"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3085-2410","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Adelina","family":"Artenie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Bristol","place":["Bristol, England"],"department":["Bristol Population Health Science Institute, Bristol Medical School"]},{"name":"University of Montreal","place":["Montreal, Canada"],"department":["Department of Family and Emergency Medicine, Faculty of Medicine"]},{"name":"University of Montreal","place":["Montreal, Canada"],"department":["Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l\u2019Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8291-5890","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Peter","family":"Vickerman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Bristol","place":["Bristol, England"],"department":["Bristol Population Health Science Institute, Bristol Medical School"]},{"name":"University of Bristol","place":["Bristol, England"],"department":["Health Protection Research Unit, Bristol Medical School"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]]},"reference":[{"issue":"10","key":"pmed.1004977.ref001","article-title":"Global, regional, and national sex-specific burden and control of the HIV epidemic, 1990-2019, for 204 countries and territories: the Global Burden of Diseases Study 2019","volume":"8","author":"GBD 2019 HIV Collaborators","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet HIV"},{"issue":"7","key":"pmed.1004977.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(12)70066-X","article-title":"Burden of HIV among female sex workers in low-income and middle-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"12","author":"S Baral","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"pmed.1004977.ref003","volume-title":"Seizing the moment: tackling entrenched inequalities to end epidemics: global AIDS update 2020","author":"HIV\/AIDS JUNPo","year":"2020"},{"key":"pmed.1004977.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000003340","article-title":"New HIV infections among key populations and their partners in 2010 and 2022, by world region: a multisources estimation","volume":"95","author":"EL Korenromp","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"key":"pmed.1004977.ref005","volume-title":"UNAIDS DATA 2023","author":"Joint United Nations Programme on HIV\/AIDS UNAIDS","year":"2023"},{"issue":"1","key":"pmed.1004977.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1186\/s13643-021-01688-4","article-title":"Effect of community-based interventions targeting female sex workers along the HIV care cascade in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"10","author":"L Atuhaire","year":"2021","journal-title":"Syst Rev"},{"issue":"10","key":"pmed.1004977.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1203","DOI":"10.1586\/14787210.2014.948422","article-title":"The HIV care cascade and antiretroviral therapy in female sex workers: implications for HIV prevention","volume":"12","author":"E Mountain","year":"2014","journal-title":"Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther"},{"key":"pmed.1004977.ref008","volume-title":"Structural violence and structural vulnerability within the risk environment: theoretical and methodological perspectives for a social epidemiology of HIV risk among injection drug users and sex workers","author":"T Rhodes","year":"2012"},{"issue":"12","key":"pmed.1004977.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002680","article-title":"Associations between sex work laws and sex workers\u2019 health: a systematic review and meta-analysis of quantitative and qualitative studies","volume":"15","author":"L Platt","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"pmed.1004977.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.a811","article-title":"Police violence and sexual risk among female and transvestite sex workers in Serbia: qualitative study","volume":"337","author":"T Rhodes","year":"2008","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"9963","key":"pmed.1004977.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)60800-X","article-title":"Human rights violations against sex workers: burden and effect on HIV","volume":"385","author":"MR Decker","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"10","key":"pmed.1004977.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3296","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-018-2156-8","article-title":"Adapting the risk environment framework to understand substance use, gender-based violence, and HIV risk behaviors among female sex workers in Tanzania","volume":"22","author":"AM Leddy","year":"2018","journal-title":"AIDS Behav"},{"issue":"9962","key":"pmed.1004977.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)60931-4","article-title":"Global epidemiology of HIV among female sex workers: influence of structural determinants","volume":"385","author":"K Shannon","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"5","key":"pmed.1004977.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2014.301909","article-title":"A systematic review of the correlates of violence against sex workers","volume":"104","author":"KN Deering","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"pmed.1004977.ref015","volume-title":"Global HIV target setting for 2030","author":"Joint United Nations Programme on HIV\/AIDS (UNAIDS)","year":"2025"},{"key":"pmed.1004977.ref016","volume-title":"AIDS, crisis and the power to transform: UNAIDS Global AIDS Update 2025","author":"Joint United Nations Programme on HIV\/AIDS (UNAIDS)","year":"2025"},{"key":"pmed.1004977.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1111\/aji.12039","article-title":"Gender-based violence and HIV: reviewing the evidence for links and causal pathways in the general population and high-risk groups","author":"KL Dunkle","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Reprod Immunol"},{"issue":"7","key":"pmed.1004977.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1089\/jwh.2010.2328","article-title":"Substance abuse, violence, and HIV in women: a literature review of the syndemic","volume":"20","author":"JP Meyer","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Womens Health (Larchmt)"},{"issue":"1","key":"pmed.1004977.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-024-03670-y","article-title":"Exploratory analysis of the potential impact of violence on HIV among female sex workers in Mombasa, Kenya: a mathematical modelling study","volume":"22","author":"M Pickles","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"key":"pmed.1004977.ref020","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews","volume":"372","author":"MJ Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"pmed.1004977.ref021","volume-title":"90-90-90 An ambitious treatment target to help end the AIDS epidemic","author":"Joint United Nations Programme on HIV\/AIDS (UNAIDS)","year":"2014"},{"issue":"2","key":"pmed.1004977.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1097\/EJA.0000000000000186","article-title":"When may systematic reviews and meta-analyses be considered reliable?","volume":"32","author":"A Afshari","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur J Anaesthesiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pmed.1004977.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0059202","article-title":"The impact of study size on meta-analyses: examination of underpowered studies in Cochrane reviews","volume":"8","author":"RM Turner","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"3","key":"pmed.1004977.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.3163\/1536-5050.104.3.014","article-title":"De-duplication of database search results for systematic reviews in EndNote","volume":"104","author":"WM Bramer","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Med Libr Assoc"},{"issue":"1","key":"pmed.1004977.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1186\/s13643-016-0384-4","article-title":"Rayyan\u2014a web and mobile app for systematic reviews","volume":"5","author":"M Ouzzani","year":"2016","journal-title":"Syst Rev"},{"issue":"3","key":"pmed.1004977.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1007\/s11121-021-01246-3","article-title":"Meta-analysis with robust variance estimation: expanding the range of working models","volume":"23","author":"JE Pustejovsky","year":"2022","journal-title":"Prev Sci"},{"issue":"23","key":"pmed.1004977.ref027","article-title":"The trim-and-fill method for publication bias: practical guidelines and recommendations based on a large database of meta-analyses","volume":"98","author":"L Shi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"issue":"12","key":"pmed.1004977.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1089\/apc.2021.0127","article-title":"Transgender women in Dominican Republic: HIV, stigma, substances, and sex work","volume":"35","author":"H Budhwani","year":"2021","journal-title":"AIDS Patient Care STDS"},{"issue":"2","key":"pmed.1004977.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3018(22)00305-8","article-title":"The effects of intimate partner violence on women\u2019s risk of HIV acquisition and engagement in the HIV treatment and care cascade: a pooled analysis of nationally representative surveys in sub-Saharan Africa","volume":"10","author":"S Kuchukhidze","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet HIV"},{"issue":"11","key":"pmed.1004977.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0081044","article-title":"A systematic review of the relationships between intimate partner violence and HIV\/AIDS","volume":"8","author":"FG Kouyoumdjian","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"pmed.1004977.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18845","DOI":"10.7448\/IAS.17.1.18845","article-title":"Intimate partner violence and HIV infection among women: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"17","author":"Y Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Int AIDS Soc"},{"issue":"16","key":"pmed.1004977.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2183","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000000842","article-title":"Intimate partner violence and engagement in HIV care and treatment among women: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"29","author":"AM Hatcher","year":"2015","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"pmed.1004977.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-13-733","article-title":"Reports of police beating and associated harms among people who inject drugs in Bangkok, Thailand: a serial cross-sectional study","volume":"13","author":"K Hayashi","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"pmed.1004977.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1186\/s12954-023-00895-7","article-title":"Prevalence and correlates of violence among sexual and injecting partners of people who inject drugs living with HIV in Kenya: a cross-sectional study","volume":"20","author":"SWKH Aung","year":"2023","journal-title":"Harm Reduct J"},{"key":"pmed.1004977.ref035","first-page":"357","article-title":"Interlinking stigma, violence and STI\/HIV among injecting drug users in India","author":"S Sharma","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ Publishing Group Ltd"},{"key":"pmed.1004977.ref036","unstructured":"Khan SAM, Dawe J, Ambia J, Kassa GM, Bendaud V, Sabin K, et al. Impact of violence on HIV prevalence and cascade of care in men who have sex with men and transgender women: a global systematic review and meta-analysis. In: IAS 2025, the 13th IAS Conference on HIV Science; 2025."},{"issue":"3","key":"pmed.1004977.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001609","article-title":"Associations between intimate partner violence and health among men who have sex with men: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"11","author":"AM Buller","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"pmed.1004977.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1093\/her\/cym011","article-title":"Community development and HIV\/STI-related vulnerability among female sex workers in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil","volume":"23","author":"D Kerrigan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Health Education Research"},{"key":"pmed.1004977.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1111\/aji.12063","article-title":"Estimating the impact of reducing violence against female sex workers on HIV epidemics in Kenya and Ukraine: a policy modeling exercise","author":"MR Decker","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Reprod Immunol"},{"issue":"9","key":"pmed.1004977.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1003297","article-title":"Mental health problems among female sex workers in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"17","author":"TS Beattie","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"pmed.1004977.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0196759","article-title":"Depression and Post Traumatic Stress amongst female sex workers in Soweto, South Africa: a cross sectional, respondent driven sample","volume":"13","author":"J Coetzee","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"pmed.1004977.ref042","article-title":"Substance use and HIV among female sex workers and female prisoners: risk environments and implications for prevention, treatment, and policies","author":"SA Strathdee","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"issue":"1","key":"pmed.1004977.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-009-9595-1","article-title":"Injection drug use as a mediator between client-perpetrated abuse and HIV status among female sex workers in two Mexico-US border cities","volume":"15","author":"MD Ulibarri","year":"2011","journal-title":"AIDS Behav"},{"issue":"1","key":"pmed.1004977.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1080\/09540121.2023.2209304","article-title":"HIV disclosure without consent linked to increased violence against women living with HIV in a Canadian setting","volume":"36","author":"D Barreto","year":"2024","journal-title":"AIDS Care"},{"issue":"7","key":"pmed.1004977.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2247","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-024-04318-x","article-title":"Intimate partner violence and HIV outcomes among women living with HIV in Durban, South Africa","volume":"28","author":"SO Ojeaburu","year":"2024","journal-title":"AIDS Behav"},{"issue":"11","key":"pmed.1004977.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1971","DOI":"10.1177\/10778012221127722","article-title":"Relationships between stigma and intimate partner violence among female sex workers living with HIV: social and economic exclusion","volume":"29","author":"A Rock","year":"2023","journal-title":"Violence Against Women"},{"issue":"7","key":"pmed.1004977.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0040821","article-title":"Men, prostitution and the provider role: understanding the intersections of economic exchange, sex, crime and violence in South Africa","volume":"7","author":"R Jewkes","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"pmed.1004977.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000001022","article-title":"Barriers to viral suppression among female sex workers: role of structural and intimate partner dynamics","volume":"73","author":"P Duff","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"issue":"1","key":"pmed.1004977.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1177\/1363459308097359","article-title":"Intimate relationships and women involved in the sex trade: perceptions and experiences of inclusion and exclusion","volume":"13","author":"LA Jackson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Health (London)"},{"issue":"1","key":"pmed.1004977.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-019-7192-4","article-title":"Gender-based violence and engagement in biomedical HIV prevention, care and treatment: a scoping review","volume":"19","author":"AM Leddy","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"pmed.1004977.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1007\/s13178-020-00448-8","article-title":"Barriers and enablers to sex workers\u2019 uptake of mental healthcare: a systematic literature review","volume":"18","author":"T Reynish","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sex Res Soc Policy"},{"key":"pmed.1004977.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32307","DOI":"10.3402\/gha.v9.32307","article-title":"Intimate partner violence and challenges facing women living with HIV\/AIDS in accessing antiretroviral treatment at Singida Regional Hospital, central Tanzania","volume":"9","author":"A Kosia","year":"2016","journal-title":"Glob Health Action"},{"issue":"1","key":"pmed.1004977.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2017.11.009","article-title":"Stigma as a barrier to health care utilization among female sex workers and men who have sex with men in Burkina Faso","volume":"28","author":"H-Y Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann Epidemiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pmed.1004977.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1177\/15248380211029405","article-title":"A Systematic review of gender-based violence prevention and response interventions for HIV key populations: female sex workers, men who have sex with men, and people who inject drugs","volume":"23","author":"MR Decker","year":"2022","journal-title":"Trauma Violence Abuse"},{"issue":"3","key":"pmed.1004977.ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.4103\/SHB.SHB_29_20","article-title":"Baseline and postintervention assessment of sexual violence and condom use among female sex workers in a Semiurban African community","volume":"3","author":"AJ Onoja","year":"2020","journal-title":"Asian Journal of Social Health and Behavior"},{"issue":"8","key":"pmed.1004977.ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1516","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2014.301911","article-title":"Community mobilization and empowerment of female sex workers in Karnataka State, South India: associations with HIV and sexually transmitted infection risk","volume":"104","author":"TSH Beattie","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"pmed.1004977.ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20079","DOI":"10.7448\/IAS.18.1.20079","article-title":"Declines in violence and police arrest among female sex workers in Karnataka state, South India, following a comprehensive HIV prevention programme","volume":"18","author":"TS Beattie","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Int AIDS Soc"},{"key":"pmed.1004977.ref058","article-title":"Understanding the role of peer group membership in reducing HIV-related risk and vulnerability among female sex workers in Karnataka, India","author":"P Bhattacharjee","year":"2013","journal-title":"AIDS Care"},{"key":"pmed.1004977.ref059","article-title":"Community advocacy groups as a means to address the social environment of female sex workers: a case study in Andhra Pradesh, India","author":"S Punyam","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Community Health"},{"issue":"9963","key":"pmed.1004977.ref060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)60973-9","article-title":"A community empowerment approach to the HIV response among sex workers: effectiveness, challenges, and considerations for implementation and scale-up","volume":"385","author":"D Kerrigan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"pmed.1004977.ref061","article-title":"Project Shikamana: baseline findings from a community empowerment-based combination hiv prevention trial among female sex workers in Iringa, Tanzania","author":"D Kerrigan","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"key":"pmed.1004977.ref062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-10-476","article-title":"Violence against female sex workers in Karnataka state, south India: impact on health, and reductions in violence following an intervention program","volume":"10","author":"TSH Beattie","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"pmed.1004977.ref063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.4103\/0971-5916.93431","article-title":"Sex worker-led structural interventions in India: a case study on addressing violence in HIV prevention through the Ashodaya Samithi collective in Mysore","volume":"135","author":"S Reza-Paul","year":"2012","journal-title":"Indian J Med Res"},{"key":"pmed.1004977.ref064","article-title":"Can a national government implement a violence prevention and response strategy for key populations in a criminalized setting? A case study from Kenya","author":"P Bhattacharjee","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Int AIDS Soc"},{"key":"pmed.1004977.ref065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3056","DOI":"10.1177\/1077801220969881","article-title":"Violence in commercial sex work: a case study on the impact of violence among commercial female sex workers in india and strategies to combat violence","volume":"27","author":"S Dasgupta","year":"2021","journal-title":"Violence Against Women"},{"key":"pmed.1004977.ref066","volume-title":"RESPECT Women: Preventing violence against women","author":"UN Women","year":"2019"},{"issue":"9978","key":"pmed.1004977.ref067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1672","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)61797-9","article-title":"Prevention of violence against women and girls: lessons from practice","volume":"385","author":"L Michau","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"9977","key":"pmed.1004977.ref068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1555","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)61703-7","article-title":"Prevention of violence against women and girls: what does the evidence say?","volume":"385","author":"M Ellsberg","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"2","key":"pmed.1004977.ref069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2019.03.007","article-title":"Promoting gender egalitarian norms and practices among boys in rural India: the relative effect of intervening in early and late adolescence","volume":"66","author":"AK Gupta","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Adolesc Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"pmed.1004977.ref070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2019-002223","article-title":"Engaging men to transform inequitable gender attitudes and prevent intimate partner violence: a cluster randomised controlled trial in North and South Kivu, Democratic Republic of Congo","volume":"5","author":"J Vaillant","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ Glob Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"pmed.1004977.ref071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260515586367","article-title":"A 6-week school curriculum improves boys\u2019 attitudes and behaviors related to gender-based violence in Kenya","volume":"32","author":"J Keller","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Interpers Violence"},{"issue":"10","key":"pmed.1004977.ref072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1794","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2006.095521","article-title":"Understanding the impact of a microfinance-based intervention on women\u2019s empowerment and the reduction of intimate partner violence in South Africa","volume":"97","author":"JC Kim","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"pmed.1004977.ref073","author":"O Bandiera","year":"2012"},{"issue":"7304","key":"pmed.1004977.ref074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.323.7304.101","article-title":"Investigating and dealing with publication and other biases in meta-analysis","volume":"323","author":"JAC Sterne","year":"2001","journal-title":"BMJ"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1004977","type":"new_version","label":"New version","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1793059200000}}],"container-title":["PLOS Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pmed.1004977","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T18:21:53Z","timestamp":1793125313000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pmed.1004977"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Alexander C.","family":"Tsai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Massachusetts General Hospital","place":["UNITED STATES OF AMERICA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]]},"references-count":74,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pmed.1004977","relation":{},"ISSN":["1549-1676"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1549-1676","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]]}}}