{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T13:31:50Z","timestamp":1787319110176,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776988800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosmedicine.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Med"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Despite the implementation of control policies, smoking prevalence remains high in Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR), and the impact of tobacco control efforts on cancer prevention is unclear. We assessed the potential impact of key policy interventions on tobacco-related cancer incidence in EMR countries from 2025 to 2050.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods and findings<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We conducted a modeling study using a country-level historical data to project tobacco smoking prevalence in EMR countries under four scenarios: (i) full implementation of the MPOWER (Monitor, Protection, Offer, Warn, Enforce, and Raise) policy package, (ii) a 10-unit increase in the cigarette affordability index (Higher values of the affordability index indicate that cigarettes are less affordable) (iii) maximized literacy rates (100% adult literacy), and (iv) combined implementation of all three policies. For each scenario, we estimated the Population Attributable Fraction (PAF) of tobacco smoking for 13 cancer types causally linked to tobacco use. The number of preventable cancer cases was calculated using the difference in PAFs between the current and alternative scenarios, referred to as the Potential Impact Fraction (PIF). An estimated 14.3 million tobacco-related cancer cases will occur in the EMR between 2025 and 2050, with over 3 million attributable to current smoking prevalence (PAF\u2009=\u200921.3%; [95% CI: 18.4, 24.6]). Combined implementation of all assessed policies could prevent 442,292 cases (95% CI: 226,987, 660,045) (3.1% of all projected cases; [95% CI: 1.6, 4.6]). The greatest impact was observed in low HDI (Human Development Index) countries, where up to 291,425 (95% CI: 198,186, 388,546) cases could be averted. Maximizing literacy showed the highest preventive potential in low (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009224,463; [95% CI: 149,521, 307,386]) and medium HDI (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200984,569; [95% CI: [2,801, 177,317]) countries, while full implementation of MPOWER had the greatest effect in high HDI countries (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200911,890; [95% CI: 8,397, 15,378]). As our main limitation, we assumed a causal relationship between previously implemented policies and concurrent changes, while other potential causes of these changes have not been considered in the current study.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Strengthening tobacco control policies particularly improving literacy in low HDI countries may potentially contribute to reductions in future cancer burden in EMR.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1005032","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T17:33:37Z","timestamp":1777052017000},"page":"e1005032","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pmed.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Tobacco control policies on cancer prevention in the Eastern Mediterranean Region, 2025\u20132050: A modeling study"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-2297-6234","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Saeed","family":"Nemati","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mojtaba","family":"Vand Rajabpour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7933-3996","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Xiaoshuang","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Negar","family":"Taheri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1862-9371","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Harriet","family":"Rumgay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Farrokh","family":"Heidari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ebrahim","family":"Karimi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1907-9471","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sepideh","family":"Abdi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3116-5081","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mattias","family":"Johansson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3972-7824","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mahdi","family":"Sheikh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]]},"reference":[{"issue":"10292","key":"pmed.1005032.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2337","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)01169-7","article-title":"Spatial, temporal, and demographic patterns in prevalence of smoking tobacco use and attributable disease burden in 204 countries and territories, 1990\u20132019: a systematic analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019","volume":"397","author":"Collaborators GT","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"1","key":"pmed.1005032.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1136\/tobaccocontrol-2016-053305","article-title":"Global economic cost of smoking-attributable diseases","volume":"27","author":"M Goodchild","year":"2018","journal-title":"Tob Control"},{"key":"pmed.1005032.ref003","unstructured":"Humans IWGotEoCRt. 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