{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T13:08:26Z","timestamp":1787749706828,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,9]],"date-time":"2025-04-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1744156800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"NIDA","award":["3UH3DA050251"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["3UH3DA050251"]}]},{"name":"NIDA Diversity Supplement","award":["3UH3DA050251-031S1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["3UH3DA050251-031S1"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000862","name":"Doris Duke Charitable Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["#20220145"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#20220145"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000862","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100013043","name":"Yale Center for Clinical Investigation, Yale School of Medicine","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UL1TR001863"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UL1TR001863"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100013043","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006108","name":"National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["KL2TR001862"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KL2TR001862"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006108","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000026","name":"National Institute on Drug Abuse","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K23DA059638"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K23DA059638"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000026","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosmentalhealth.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLOS Ment Health"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Underage binge drinking can lead to numerous adverse health consequences. Preventing excessive alcohol consumption by targeting perception of risk of harm is one approach with demonstrated success. This study examined the association between participation in extracurricular activities and perception of risk of harm from binge drinking among adolescents. A cross-sectional analysis of adolescents aged 12-17 years was performed using the 2019 National Survey on Drug Use and Health dataset. Participation in any extracurricular activity as well as four types of extracurricular activities (e.g., school-based, community-based, faith-based, and other) were the main independent variables. The primary outcome was perception of risk of harm from weekly binge drinking. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression models were used to examine this association. Of the 11,870 adolescents included in the analysis, 4.2% reported that weekly binge drinking presented no harm. Compared to adolescents who did not participate in any extracurricular activity, adolescents who participated in one or more extracurricular activity, regardless of type, had 86% higher odds of reporting risk of harm from weekly binge drinking after adjusting for relevant covariates (aOR=1.86, 95% CI: 1.39, 2.49). This finding was similar across all levels of school-based, but different for community, faith-based and other types of activities. Compared to adolescents who did not participate in school-based, adolescent who participated in 1, 2, or 3+ school-based activities were more likely to report that weekly binge drinking was harmful (<jats:italic>School<\/jats:italic> AOR 1 activity = 1.75, 95% CI: 1.29, 2.37, AOR 2 activities = 1.83, 95% CI:1.32, 2.53, AOR 3+ activities = 1.91, 95% CI:1.35, 2.75), The association between participation in community-based activities and perception of risk of harm was significant at one or two activities but not at three or more activities (<jats:italic>Community<\/jats:italic> AOR 1 activity = 1.35, 95% CI: 1.02, 1.79, AOR 2 activities = 1.47, 95% CI:1.06, 2.02, AOR 3+ activities = 1.41, 95% CI: 0.98, 2.02) while the association between participation in faith-based activities and perception of risk of harm from weekly binge drinking was significant only at 3+ activities (<jats:italic>Faith<\/jats:italic> AOR 3+ activities = 2.07, 95% CI: 1.48, 2.88). No significant association was found for participation in other activities in the adjusted model. Our results suggest that participation in extracurricular activities may be a factor that contributes to increased perception of risk of harm from weekly binge drinking among adolescents, but this protective effect may vary by type and level of activity, suggesting different mechanistic pathways. Future studies are needed to further elucidate these findings to inform targeted preventive interventions and policy-level support.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmen.0000278","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,9]],"date-time":"2025-04-09T17:25:04Z","timestamp":1744219504000},"page":"e0000278","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pmen.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Adolescent extracurricular activities and perception of risk of harm from binge drinking"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"2","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6723-2744","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Claire","family":"Szapary","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-2016-9310","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jenny","family":"Meyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4513-5526","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Claudia-Santi F.","family":"Fernandes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2750-2321","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Tyra Pendergrass","family":"Boomer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0160-6613","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Lynn","family":"Fiellin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5792-3605","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kammarauche","family":"Aneni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"pmen.0000278.ref001","article-title":"Trends in Adolescent Substance Use and Perception of Risk from Substance Use. In: The CBHSQ Report [Internet]","author":"RN Lipari","year":"2013"},{"key":"pmen.0000278.ref002","article-title":"Binge drinking","author":"CDC","year":"2022"},{"issue":"2","key":"pmen.0000278.ref003","first-page":"135","article-title":"The risks associated with alcohol use and alcoholism","volume":"34","author":"J Rehm","year":"2011","journal-title":"Alcohol Res Health"},{"key":"pmen.0000278.ref004","article-title":"Understanding Alcohol Use Disorder.","author":"National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA)"},{"issue":"1","key":"pmen.0000278.ref005","first-page":"5","article-title":"Adolescent Binge Drinking","volume":"39","author":"T Chung","year":"2018","journal-title":"Alcohol Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"pmen.0000278.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1080\/07448481.2019.1676757","article-title":"Association between perceived risk of harm and self-reported binge drinking, cigarette smoking, and marijuana smoking in young adults","volume":"69","author":"M Hanauer","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Am Coll Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"pmen.0000278.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/S0191-8869(00)00025-8","article-title":"Risk perception, personality factors and alcohol use among adolescents","volume":"30","author":"S Hampson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Personality and Individual Differences"},{"issue":"4","key":"pmen.0000278.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1080\/00913367.2001.10673649","article-title":"The \u201cRisky Business\u201d of Binge Drinking among College Students: Using Risk Models for PSAs and Anti-Drinking Campaigns","volume":"30","author":"J Wolburg","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of Advertising"},{"key":"pmen.0000278.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lima-Serrano M, Mart\u00ednez-Montilla JM, Lima-Rodr\u00edguez JS, Mercken L, de Vries H. Design, implementation and evaluation of a web-based computer-tailored intervention to prevent binge drinking in adolescents: study protocol. BMC Public Health. 2018 Apr 4;18(1):449.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-018-5346-4"},{"issue":"1","key":"pmen.0000278.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.20882\/adicciones.789","article-title":"Iudicium: An Educational Intervention for addressing Risk Perception of Alcohol Abuse in Adolescents","volume":"28","author":"H Bajac","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adicciones"},{"key":"pmen.0000278.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e37873","DOI":"10.2196\/37873","article-title":"Effectiveness of a Mobile App to Increase Risk Perception of Tobacco, Alcohol, and Marijuana Use in Mexican High School Students: Quantitative Study","volume":"11","author":"PMDC Fuentes A","year":"2023","journal-title":"JMIR Mhealth Uhealth"},{"issue":"6","key":"pmen.0000278.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1002\/jad.12069","article-title":"Do extracurricular activities contribute to better adolescent outcomes? A fixed-effects panel data approach","volume":"94","author":"M O\u2019Flaherty","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Adolesc"},{"key":"pmen.0000278.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106291","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2020.106291","article-title":"Screen time and extracurricular activities as risk and protective factors for mental health in adolescence: A population-level study","volume":"141","author":"E Oberle","year":"2020","journal-title":"Prev Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"pmen.0000278.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2013.11.006","article-title":"Sport participation and alcohol and illicit drug use in adolescents and young adults: a systematic review of longitudinal studies","volume":"39","author":"M Kwan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Addict Behav"},{"issue":"1","key":"pmen.0000278.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1097\/ADM.0b013e3181d8dc62","article-title":"Gender differences in adolescent marijuana use and associated psychosocial characteristics","volume":"5","author":"TS Schepis","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Addict Med"},{"issue":"0 1","key":"pmen.0000278.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2008.02177.x","article-title":"Adolescent pathways to adulthood drinking: sport activity involvement is not necessarily risky or protective","author":"SC Peck","year":"2008","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"issue":"5","key":"pmen.0000278.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2010.01.023","article-title":"Sports participation and problem alcohol use: a multi-wave national sample of adolescents","volume":"38","author":"D Mays","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Prev Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"pmen.0000278.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1177\/002214650604700306","article-title":"Extracurricular activities, athletic participation, and adolescent alcohol use: gender-differentiated and school-contextual effects","volume":"47","author":"J Hoffmann","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Health Soc Behav"},{"issue":"3","key":"pmen.0000278.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2017.10.019","article-title":"A detailed examination of the longitudinal associations between individual and team sports and alcohol use","volume":"78","author":"AS Denault","year":"2018","journal-title":"Addictive Behav"},{"issue":"4","key":"pmen.0000278.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.2190\/XPV5-JD5L-RYLK-UMJA","article-title":"Jocks, gender, race, and adolescent problem drinking","volume":"33","author":"K Miller","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Drug Educ"},{"issue":"3","key":"pmen.0000278.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-7795.2012.00808.x","article-title":"The over-scheduling hypothesis revisited: intensity of organized activity participation during adolescence and young adult outcomes","volume":"22","author":"JL Mahoney","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Res Adolesc"},{"issue":"5","key":"pmen.0000278.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1007\/s10964-005-7266-8","article-title":"Participation in extracurricular activities and adolescent adjustment: Cross-sectional and longitudinal findings","volume":"34","author":"N Darling","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Youth Adolescence"},{"issue":"2","key":"pmen.0000278.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssresearch.2011.11.003","article-title":"Extracurricular activities and teens\u2019 alcohol use: The role of religious and secular sponsorship","volume":"41","author":"A Adamczyk","year":"2012","journal-title":"Soc Sci Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"pmen.0000278.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chc.2010.03.005","article-title":"Evidence-based interventions for preventing substance use disorders in adolescents","volume":"19","author":"KW Griffin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am"},{"issue":"5","key":"pmen.0000278.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1713","DOI":"10.1007\/s10943-019-00876-w","article-title":"Belief, behavior, and belonging: How faith is indispensable in preventing and recovering from substance abuse","volume":"58","author":"B Grim","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Religion Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"pmen.0000278.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acap.2014.02.002","article-title":"The relative roles of types of extracurricular activity on smoking and drinking initiation among tweens","volume":"14","author":"AM Adachi-Mejia","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acad Pediatr"},{"issue":"1","key":"pmen.0000278.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1177\/109019818401100101","article-title":"The Health Belief Model: a decade later","volume":"11","author":"NK Janz","year":"1984","journal-title":"Health Educ Q"},{"issue":"2","key":"pmen.0000278.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1465-3362.2011.00371.x","article-title":"My cup runneth over: young people\u2019s lack of knowledge of low-risk drinking guidelines","volume":"31","author":"RO de Visser","year":"2012 Mar","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Rev"},{"issue":"10","key":"pmen.0000278.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1746-1561.2003.tb04181.x","article-title":"A sport-based intervention for preventing alcohol use and promoting physical activity among adolescents","volume":"73","author":"C Werch","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Sch Health"},{"key":"pmen.0000278.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2088","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-021-11906-2","article-title":"Risk and protective factors of drug abuse among adolescents: a systematic review","volume":"21","author":"A Nawi","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"pmen.0000278.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1007\/s10464-009-9289-x","article-title":"Social-ecological influences on patterns of substance use among non-metropolitan high school students","volume":"45","author":"CM Connell","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Community Psychol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pmen.0000278.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.112.1.64","article-title":"Risk and protective factors for alcohol and other drug problems in adolescence and early adulthood: implications for substance abuse prevention","volume":"112","author":"JD Hawkins","year":"1992","journal-title":"Psychol Bull"},{"key":"pmen.0000278.ref033","author":"RTI International","year":"2018"},{"key":"pmen.0000278.ref034","article-title":"National Survey of Drug Use and Health (NSDUH) Releases","author":"National Survey of Drug Use and Health (NSDUH)","year":"2019"},{"key":"pmen.0000278.ref035","author":"SAMHSA","year":"2020"},{"issue":"8","key":"pmen.0000278.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1081","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph21081081","article-title":"Perceived Risk of Binge Drinking among Older Alcohol Users: Associations with Alcohol Use Frequency, Binge Drinking, Alcohol Use Disorder, and Alcohol Treatment Use","volume":"21","author":"NG Choi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"pmen.0000278.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1080\/07448481.2019.1676757","article-title":"Association between perceived risk of harm and self-reported binge drinking, cigarette smoking, and marijuana smoking in young adults","volume":"69","author":"M Hanauer","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Am Coll Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"pmen.0000278.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2021.09.029","article-title":"Perceived risk of harm mediates the effects of primary care alcohol use screening and brief advice in adolescents","volume":"70","author":"H Byregowda","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Adolescent Health"},{"key":"pmen.0000278.ref039","article-title":"Risk perception, social support, and alcohol use among U.S.","volume":"13","author":"Y Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adolescent"},{"issue":"1","key":"pmen.0000278.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1002\/j.2161-1882.2004.tb00259.x","article-title":"Predictors of Undergraduate Student Binge Drinking","volume":"7","author":"DA Strano","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Coll Counseling"},{"key":"pmen.0000278.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101436","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmedr.2021.101436","article-title":"Perceived risk of harm from monthly cannabis use among US adolescents: national Survey on drug Use and Health, 2017","volume":"23","author":"AC Mariani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Prev Med Rep"},{"key":"pmen.0000278.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2017.12.041","article-title":"Recent rapid decrease in adolescents\u2019 perception that marijuana is harmful, but no concurrent increase in use","volume":"186","author":"AL Sarvet","year":"2018","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Dependence"},{"key":"pmen.0000278.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101436","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmedr.2021.101436","article-title":"Perceived risk of harm from monthly cannabis use among US adolescents: National Survey on drug Use and Health, 2017","volume":"23","author":"A Mariani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Prev Med Rep"},{"issue":"4","key":"pmen.0000278.ref044","first-page":"47","article-title":"Adolescents\u2019 Perceived Risk of Harm Due to Smoking: The role of extracurricular activities","volume":"94","author":"RC Wiener","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Dent Hyg"},{"key":"pmen.0000278.ref045","author":"National Institute on Drug Abuse","year":"2023"},{"issue":"2","key":"pmen.0000278.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/S0193-3973(03)00046-7","article-title":"Parental support and pressure and children\u2019s extracurricular activities: relationships with amount of involvement and affective experience of participation","volume":"24","author":"J Anderson","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Appl Develop Psychol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pmen.0000278.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1080\/16066359.2017.1342819","article-title":"Perceived parental support and adolescent motivation for substance use change: a preliminary investigation","volume":"26","author":"K Serafini","year":"2018","journal-title":"Addic Res Theory"},{"key":"pmen.0000278.ref048","article-title":"Stata Statistical Software: Release 18. College Station, TX: StataCorp LLC.","author":"StataCorp","year":"2023"},{"issue":"1","key":"pmen.0000278.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1002\/mpr.329","article-title":"Multiple imputation by chained equations: what is it and how does it work?","volume":"20","author":"M Azur","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int J Methods Psychiatr Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"pmen.0000278.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1080\/10826084.2022.2040032","article-title":"Heavy drinking among high school student athletes and non-athletes: do differences emerge as early as the ninth grade?","volume":"57","author":"DM Doumas","year":"2022","journal-title":"Subst Use Misuse"},{"issue":"5","key":"pmen.0000278.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1093\/alcalc\/agv030","article-title":"Alcohol consumption, athlete identity, and happiness among student sportspeople as a function of sport-type","volume":"50","author":"J Zhou","year":"2015","journal-title":"Alcohol Alcoholism"},{"key":"pmen.0000278.ref052","first-page":"100298","article-title":"High school sport participation and substance use: A cross-sectional analysis of students from the COMPASS study","volume":"12","author":"GC Williams","year":"2020","journal-title":"Addict Behav Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"pmen.0000278.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1007\/s10900-009-9190-4","article-title":"Coaches\u2019 attitudes and involvement in alcohol prevention among high school athletes","volume":"35","author":"KA King","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Community Health"},{"key":"pmen.0000278.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrimjus.2024.102182","article-title":"The influence of spirituality and religious participation on binge drinking: An investigation into subjective and structural mechanisms of desistance","volume":"92","author":"M Mohler","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Crim Justice"},{"issue":"1","key":"pmen.0000278.ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291716001975","article-title":"Religiosity, race\/ethnicity, and alcohol use behaviors in the United States","volume":"47","author":"JL Meyers","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"pmen.0000278.ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1080\/01639625.1991.9967878","article-title":"Religion and drug use among adolescents: a social support conceptualization and interpretation","volume":"12","author":"D Brownfield","year":"1991","journal-title":"Deviant Behav"},{"issue":"9","key":"pmen.0000278.ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1190","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-200009000-00020","article-title":"Religiosity and substance use and abuse among adolescents in the national comorbidity survey","volume":"39","author":"L Miller","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolescent Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"pmen.0000278.ref058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1007\/s11089-021-00944-7","article-title":"The protective effects of religious group membership, service attendance, and scripture reading on binge drinking among college students","volume":"70","author":"C Rivera","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pastoral Psychol"},{"issue":"11","key":"pmen.0000278.ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1765","DOI":"10.1080\/10826084.2020.1762652","article-title":"Structured and unstructured activities and alcohol and marijuana use in middle school: the role of availability and engagement","volume":"55","author":"NS Spillane","year":"2020","journal-title":"Subst Use Misuse"},{"issue":"2","key":"pmen.0000278.ref060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1017\/S1357530902000637","article-title":"Adolescents\u2019 substance-related risk perceptions: antecedents, mediators and consequences","volume":"7","author":"M GERRARD","year":"2002","journal-title":"Risk Decision and Policy"},{"issue":"8","key":"pmen.0000278.ref061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.3390\/nu2080781","article-title":"Alcohol, athletic performance and recovery","volume":"2","author":"L Vella","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"7","key":"pmen.0000278.ref062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"862","DOI":"10.1007\/s11121-016-0695-7","article-title":"Adolescent alcohol use: Protective and predictive parent, peer, and self-related factors","volume":"17","author":"L Handren","year":"2016","journal-title":"Prevention Science"},{"key":"pmen.0000278.ref063","author":"Department of Education, Department of Justice","year":"1996"},{"issue":"4","key":"pmen.0000278.ref064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0153842","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0153842","article-title":"Risk Perception and Risk-Taking Behaviour during Adolescence: The Influence of Personality and Gender","volume":"11","author":"RLEP Reniers","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"5","key":"pmen.0000278.ref065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.7453\/gahmj.2013.045","article-title":"Gender differences in risk behaviors among high school youth","volume":"2","author":"S Croisant","year":"2013","journal-title":"Global Advances in Health and Medicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"pmen.0000278.ref066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.21101\/cejph.a4920","article-title":"Age and gender differences in health risk perception","volume":"26","author":"K YoungHo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Central European Journal of Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"pmen.0000278.ref067","first-page":"83","article-title":"Associations Between Socioeconomic Factors and Alcohol Outcomes","volume":"38","author":"SE Collins","year":"2016","journal-title":"Alcohol Res"},{"issue":"7","key":"pmen.0000278.ref068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1120","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2008.02218.x","article-title":"Socio-economic status and problem alcohol use: the positive relationship between income and the DSM-IV alcohol abuse diagnosis","volume":"103","author":"KM Keyes","year":"2008","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"pmen.0000278.ref069","author":"Bureau UC","year":"2018"},{"issue":"1","key":"pmen.0000278.ref070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2015.02.009","article-title":"Perceived risk of regular cannabis use in the United States from 2002 to 2012: Differences by sex, age, and race\/ethnicity","volume":"149","author":"L Pacek","year":"2015","journal-title":"Drug and Alcohol Dependence"}],"container-title":["PLOS Mental Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pmen.0000278","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,9]],"date-time":"2025-04-09T17:25:20Z","timestamp":1744219520000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pmen.0000278"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Gareth","family":"Hagger-Johnson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,9]]},"references-count":70,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,9]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pmen.0000278","relation":{},"ISSN":["2837-8156"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2837-8156","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,9]]}}}