{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T15:58:44Z","timestamp":1792425524885,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]],"date-time":"2026-01-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769644800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000272","name":"National Institute for Health and Care Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ACF-2021-17-009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ACF-2021-17-009"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000272","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014013","name":"UK Research and Innovation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MR\/W00285X\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/W00285X\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014013","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosmentalhealth.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLOS Ment Health"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Group psychosocial interventions can be a scalable treatment for depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) but effects are heterogeneous. Little is known about how intervention mechanisms and context interact to generate different outcomes in different populations. We conducted a realist systematic review, combining traditional systematic review methods with analysis of intervention mechanisms and contextual factors to further understanding of complex interventions. This involved: (i) a scoping review to build initial theory and inform data extraction and analysis; (ii) systematically searching six databases for randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of group psychosocial interventions for participants aged 0\u201319 years in LMICs (21 November 2022, updated 26 April 2024); (iii) extracting data on outcomes, contextual factors, and intervention mechanisms to build hypotheses about how context interacts with mechanisms to generate outcomes (context-mechanism-outcome configurations; CMOCs); (iv) narratively synthesising CMOCs into wider programme theories about how and why psychosocial interventions work; (v) meta-analyses and meta-regressions to assess trends and test CMOCs. We included 38 RCTs with data for 6,086 participants (52% female, mean age 13). These data informed 14 programme theories including theories that interventions work best when adapted for participant cognitive level, incorporating age-appropriate activities, accounting for local gender-specific issues, and being culturally adapted. Pooled post-intervention effect sizes were -0.72 (95% CI -1.01 to -0.42, p\u2009&lt;\u20090.001) for depression, -0.90 (95% CI -1.57 to -0.23, p\u2009=\u20090.014) for anxiety, and -0.71 (95% CI -1.05 to -0.38, p\u2009&lt;\u20090.001) for PTSD. The only significant results in meta-regressions were larger effect sizes for older children and in populations without exposure to conflict for depression symptoms only. Socio-demographic and contextual factors may influence how interventions work and help to explain the heterogeneity of effects. More high-quality RCTs with moderation and mediation analyses are needed to explore the transferability of these interventions.PROSPERO registration: CRD42022364043.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmen.0000533","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]],"date-time":"2026-01-29T18:26:26Z","timestamp":1769711186000},"page":"e0000533","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pmen.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Group psychosocial interventions for anxiety, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder in children and adolescents in low- and middle-income countries: A realist systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"Tahir","family":"Jokinen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mujahed","family":"Abassi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Hodsoll","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3012-4584","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Katie 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