{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T18:17:37Z","timestamp":1787768257475,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787702400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["228033\/Z\/23\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["228033\/Z\/23\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosmentalhealth.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLOS Ment Health"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The United Kingdom (UK) Government\u2019s recent 10 Year Health Plan for England aims to fix a \u201cbroken\u201d and increasingly unaffordable health system through a shift from sickness to prevention, hospital to community, and analogue to digital, with a focus on mental as well as physical health. However, the 171-page strategy for a healthy nation does not contain a single reference to nature or biodiversity. We review the significant benefits of nature and biodiversity to health and outline how these benefits can and should be incorporated into the 10 Year Health Plan. We provide examples of effective approaches and techniques, describe challenges to implementation, and propose potential solutions. We focus on mental health, although many benefits will also apply to physical health. Harnessing nature and biodiversity could play a substantial role in supporting the UK\u2019s revised goals, particularly preventing illness and enhancing treatment at the community level.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmen.0000647","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T17:21:32Z","timestamp":1787764892000},"page":"e0000647","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pmen.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Nature and the mind: Towards nature-based mental health care and prevention"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"Giulia","family":"Vivaldi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emeka","family":"Chukwusa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nick","family":"Bridge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Smythe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ioannis","family":"Bakolis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1676-8666","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Lisa","family":"Page","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rhiannon","family":"Thompson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew","family":"White","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6770-2934","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Andrea","family":"Mechelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]]},"reference":[{"issue":"10501","key":"pmen.0000647.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(25)01256-5","article-title":"Connecting planetary boundaries and planetary health: a resilient and stable Earth system is crucial for human health","volume":"406","author":"SS Myers","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"pmen.0000647.ref002","volume-title":"Fit for the Future: The 10 Year Health Plan for England","author":"Department of Health and Social Care","year":"2025"},{"issue":"10440","key":"pmen.0000647.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2133","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)00757-8","article-title":"Global incidence, prevalence, years lived with disability (YLDs), disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 371 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1990\u20132021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021","volume":"403","author":"AJ Ferrari","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"pmen.0000647.ref004","volume-title":"Mental health statistics: prevalence, services and funding in England","author":"C Baker","year":"2024"},{"key":"pmen.0000647.ref005","volume-title":"UK disability statistics: Prevalence and life experiences","author":"E Kirk-Wade","year":"2024"},{"issue":"4","key":"pmen.0000647.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.3221","article-title":"Longitudinal Assessment of Mental Health Disorders and Comorbidities Across 4 Decades Among Participants in the Dunedin Birth Cohort Study","volume":"3","author":"A Caspi","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"issue":"3","key":"pmen.0000647.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291721002257","article-title":"Life expectancy, mortality risks and cause of death in patients with serious mental illness in South East London: a comparison between 2008-2012 and 2013-2017","volume":"53","author":"C-K Chang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"pmen.0000647.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102294","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2023.102294","article-title":"Life expectancy and years of potential life lost in people with mental disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"65","author":"JKN Chan","year":"2023","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"key":"pmen.0000647.ref009","volume-title":"No Health Without Mental Health: a cross-government outcomes strategy","author":"Department of Health and Social Care","year":"2011"},{"key":"pmen.0000647.ref010","unstructured":"Rethink Mental Illness New analysis of NHS data on mental health waiting times. 2025."},{"issue":"10121","key":"pmen.0000647.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)32158-X","article-title":"Improving access to psychological therapies in England","volume":"391","author":"G Thornicroft","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"pmen.0000647.ref012","volume-title":"The economic and social costs of mental ill health","author":"F Cardoso","year":"2024"},{"issue":"9","key":"pmen.0000647.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(24)00163-9","article-title":"The Lancet Psychiatry Commission on youth mental health","volume":"11","author":"PD McGorry","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"pmen.0000647.ref014","volume-title":"Health profile for England: 2018","author":"Public Health England","year":"2018"},{"issue":"1","key":"pmen.0000647.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.21160","article-title":"The social determinants of mental health and disorder: evidence, prevention and recommendations","volume":"23","author":"JB Kirkbride","year":"2024","journal-title":"World Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"pmen.0000647.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-4642(24)00259-1","article-title":"Building policy around the built environment for adolescent mental health","volume":"9","author":"A Mizen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet Child Adolesc Health"},{"key":"pmen.0000647.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4159\/9780674045231","volume-title":"Biophilia","author":"EO Wilson","year":"1984"},{"issue":"3","key":"pmen.0000647.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/0272-4944(95)90001-2","article-title":"The restorative benefits of nature: Toward an integrative framework","volume":"15","author":"S Kaplan","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Environ Psychol"},{"key":"pmen.0000647.ref019","unstructured":"Ulrich RS. Stress reduction theory. 2023;2024:143\u20136."},{"key":"pmen.0000647.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wong YS, Osborne NA-O. Biodiversity Effects on Human Mental Health via Microbiota Alterations. LID - 10.3390\/ijerph191911882 [doi] LID - 11882. (1660-4601 (Electronic)).","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph191911882"},{"key":"pmen.0000647.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152372","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.152372","article-title":"Association of residential greenness and incident depression: Investigating the mediation and interaction effects of particulate matter","volume":"811","author":"X Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"issue":"1","key":"pmen.0000647.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"015005","DOI":"10.1088\/2752-5309\/ad1c42","article-title":"A protective role of urban greenspace on the association between night-time heat and suicide in Seoul, South Korea","volume":"2","author":"J Park","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ Res Health"},{"issue":"9","key":"pmen.0000647.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4790","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18094790","article-title":"Associations between Nature Exposure and Health: A Review of the Evidence","volume":"18","author":"MP Jimenez","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"pmen.0000647.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-02318-8_9","article-title":"Review of the Mental Health and Well-being Benefits of Biodiversity.","volume-title":"Biodiversity and Health in the Face of Climate Change","author":"MR Marselle","year":"2019"},{"issue":"5","key":"pmen.0000647.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/S2542-5196(24)00023-8","article-title":"Positive relationship between bird diversity and human mental health: an analysis of repeated cross-sectional data","volume":"8","author":"J Methorst","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Planet Health"},{"issue":"11","key":"pmen.0000647.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5188","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1807504116","article-title":"Residential green space in childhood is associated with lower risk of psychiatric disorders from adolescence into adulthood","volume":"116","author":"K Engemann","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"pmen.0000647.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112599","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2021.112599","article-title":"Does exposure to greenness improve children\u2019s neuropsychological development and mental health? A Navigation Guide systematic review of observational evidence for associations","volume":"206","author":"L Luque-Garc\u00eda","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"issue":"7","key":"pmen.0000647.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/S2542-5196(23)00104-3","article-title":"Ambient temperature and mental health: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"7","author":"R Thompson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Planet Health"},{"key":"pmen.0000647.ref029","volume-title":"Climate change: health effects in the UK","author":"UK Health Security Agency","year":"2024"},{"key":"pmen.0000647.ref030","volume-title":"Connecting Global Priorities: Biodiversity and Human Health - A State of Knowledge Review","author":"C Romanelli","year":"2015"},{"key":"pmen.0000647.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168494","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.168494","article-title":"Greater local cooling effects of trees across globally distributed urban green spaces","volume":"911","author":"J Kim","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"issue":"5","key":"pmen.0000647.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1093\/biosci\/biae035","article-title":"Scientists\u2019 warning: six key points where biodiversity can improve climate change mitigation","volume":"74","author":"CC Pereira","year":"2024","journal-title":"BioScience"},{"key":"pmen.0000647.ref033","volume-title":"Scotland\u2019s outdoors: Our Natural Health Service","author":"NatureScot","year":"2020"},{"key":"pmen.0000647.ref034","unstructured":"Mitchell R, Finton B. Green Health Partnerships in Scotland \u2013 evaluation of the first three years. 2022."},{"key":"pmen.0000647.ref035","unstructured":"Unlocking the potential of NHS greenspace for health and wellbeing: the NHS Greenspace Demonstration Project. 2020."},{"key":"pmen.0000647.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174816","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.174816","article-title":"Urban heatwave, green spaces, and mental health: A review based on environmental health risk assessment framework","volume":"948","author":"H Huang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"pmen.0000647.ref037","unstructured":"MD3185 London\u2019s Rewilding, Nature Recovery and Evidence Programmes. 2024."},{"key":"pmen.0000647.ref038","volume-title":"Vibrant Land: The Benefits of Food Forests and Urban Farms in San Antonio","author":"AD Guerry","year":"2023"},{"key":"pmen.0000647.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104923","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2019.104923","article-title":"Environmental, health, wellbeing, social and equity effects of urban green space interventions: A meta-narrative evidence synthesis","volume":"130","author":"RF Hunter","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"key":"pmen.0000647.ref040","author":"Future Parks Accelerator"},{"key":"pmen.0000647.ref041","unstructured":"Macauley A. Future Parks Accelerator evaluation final report July 2022. 2022."},{"key":"pmen.0000647.ref042","unstructured":"Pettorelli N, Schulte to B\u00fchne H, Cunningham AA, Dancer A, Debney A, Durant SM, Hoffmann M, Laughlin B, Pilkington J, Pecorelli J, Seiffert S, Shadbolt T, Terry A. Rewilding our cities. ZSL report. 2022."},{"issue":"2","key":"pmen.0000647.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1080\/07352166.2023.2180381","article-title":"Grassroots mobilization for a just, green urban future: Building community infrastructure against green gentrification and displacement","volume":"47","author":"E Oscilowicz","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Urban Aff"},{"key":"pmen.0000647.ref044","author":"Incredible Edible Network"},{"key":"pmen.0000647.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106500","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cities.2025.106500","article-title":"Blue-green infrastructure and socio-spatial changes: A study of urban wetlands restoration, housing development and gentrification in London using census data","volume":"169","author":"J S\u00e1nchez","year":"2026","journal-title":"Cities"},{"key":"pmen.0000647.ref046","author":"Save The Children","year":"2022"},{"key":"pmen.0000647.ref047","author":"Our Bright Future"},{"key":"pmen.0000647.ref048","year":"2024"},{"key":"pmen.0000647.ref049","unstructured":"Passy R, Cutting R. The Children and Nature Programme 2019-2022: Learning report. 2023."},{"key":"pmen.0000647.ref050","author":"Hackney School of Food"},{"key":"pmen.0000647.ref051","unstructured":"Tun S, Martin T. Education for Sustainable Healthcare: A curriculum for the UK."},{"key":"pmen.0000647.ref052"},{"issue":"6","key":"pmen.0000647.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1080\/0142159X.2022.2152190","article-title":"Planetary health and sustainability teaching in UK medical education: A review of medical school curricula","volume":"45","author":"J Bevan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Med Teach"},{"key":"pmen.0000647.ref054"},{"issue":"4","key":"pmen.0000647.ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1192\/bjb.2021.44","article-title":"The need for biodiversity champions in psychiatry: the entwined crises of climate change and ecological collapse","volume":"45","author":"J Krzanowski","year":"2021","journal-title":"BJPsych Bull"},{"key":"pmen.0000647.ref056"},{"key":"pmen.0000647.ref057","author":"Growing Communities"},{"key":"pmen.0000647.ref058","author":"Growing Communities"},{"issue":"26","key":"pmen.0000647.ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7937","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1503402112","article-title":"Green spaces and cognitive development in primary schoolchildren","volume":"112","author":"P Dadvand","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"6","key":"pmen.0000647.ref060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1238","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph15061238","article-title":"Nearby Nature \u201cBuffers\u201d the Effect of Low Social Connectedness on Adult Subjective Wellbeing over the Last 7 Days","volume":"15","author":"BDS Cartwright","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"pmen.0000647.ref061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-publhealth-032013-182443","article-title":"Nature and health","volume":"35","author":"T Hartig","year":"2014","journal-title":"Annu Rev Public Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"pmen.0000647.ref062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2023.0685","article-title":"Interplay of Metabolome and Gut Microbiome in Individuals With Major Depressive Disorder vs Control Individuals","volume":"80","author":"N Amin","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"pmen.0000647.ref063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1002\/fee.1225","article-title":"Extinction of experience: the loss of human\u2013nature interactions","volume":"14","author":"M Soga","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front Ecol Environ"},{"key":"pmen.0000647.ref064","unstructured":"Garantham R, Whaley L. National green social prescribing delivery capacity assessment: final report."},{"key":"pmen.0000647.ref065","volume-title":"Green social prescribing: perceptions among clinicians and the public","author":"Care DoHaS","year":"2023"},{"key":"pmen.0000647.ref066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sun QA-O, Loveday M, Nwe SA-O, Morris N, Boxall EA-O. Green Social Prescribing in Practice: A Case Study of Walsall, UK. LID - 10.3390\/ijerph20176708 [doi] LID - 6708. (1660-4601 (Electronic)).","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20176708"},{"issue":"1","key":"pmen.0000647.ref067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1186\/s12940-022-00933-0","article-title":"Advancing environmental health sciences through implementation science","volume":"21","author":"G Neta","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"pmen.0000647.ref068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/heapro\/daaf039","article-title":"Barriers and facilitators to implementing nature prescriptions for child and youth health: a scoping review","volume":"40","author":"S Paquet","year":"2025","journal-title":"Health Promot Int"},{"key":"pmen.0000647.ref069","volume-title":"Environmental Implementation: A Guide for Local Authorities","author":"Ellie Savage GK, Alison Darlow","year":"2025"},{"key":"pmen.0000647.ref070","volume-title":"Explore nature and boost your wellbeing"},{"key":"pmen.0000647.ref071"},{"key":"pmen.0000647.ref072","author":"E Commission","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biodiversity Strategy for 2030"},{"key":"pmen.0000647.ref073","unstructured":"Development FNCoS. Strategy of the National Commission on Sustainable Development 2022\u20132030: A prosperous and globally responsible Finland that protects the carrying capacity of nature. 2021."},{"key":"pmen.0000647.ref074","article-title":"Cycling in New York, London, Paris, and Berlin before, during, and after the COVID-19 pandemic","author":"R Buehler","year":"2026","journal-title":"Int J Sustain Transp"}],"container-title":["PLOS Mental Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pmen.0000647","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T17:21:41Z","timestamp":1787764901000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pmen.0000647"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Karli","family":"Montague-Cardoso","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]]},"references-count":74,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pmen.0000647","relation":{},"ISSN":["2837-8156"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2837-8156","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]]}}}