{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T19:35:12Z","timestamp":1790019312004,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":115,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,10,29]],"date-time":"2008-10-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1225238400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/zero\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000313","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,10,28]],"date-time":"2008-10-28T20:29:18Z","timestamp":1225225758000},"page":"e313","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":279,"title":["Complexities of Assessing the Disease Burden Attributable to Leishmaniasis"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"2","author":[{"given":"Caryn","family":"Bern","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James H.","family":"Maguire","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jorge","family":"Alvar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,10,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","first-page":"1095","article-title":"Leishmaniasis.","author":"SMB Jeronimo","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Control of the leishmaniases. Report of a WHO Expert Committee.","volume":"793","year":"1990","journal-title":"World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.325.7357.176","article-title":"The world's most neglected diseases [editorial].","volume":"325","author":"G Yamey","year":"2002","journal-title":"British Medical Journal"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2006.09.004","article-title":"Leishmaniasis and poverty.","volume":"22","author":"J Alvar","year":"2006","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e114","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000114","article-title":"Measuring the burden of neglected tropical diseases: the global burden of disease framework.","volume":"1","author":"CD Mathers","year":"2007","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2004.71.787","article-title":"Treatment of visceral leishmaniasis in 2004.","volume":"71","author":"HW Murray","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(00)90104-4","article-title":"A randomized controlled trial of insecticide-treated bednets and chaddars or top sheets, and residual spraying of interior rooms for the prevention of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Kabul, Afghanistan.","volume":"94","author":"H Reyburn","year":"2000","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2000.63.184","article-title":"Factors associated with visceral leishmaniasis in Nepal: bed-net use is strongly protective.","volume":"63","author":"C Bern","year":"2000","journal-title":"American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1105.040718","article-title":"Risk factors for kala-azar in Bangladesh.","volume":"11","author":"C Bern","year":"2005","journal-title":"Emerging Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2006.01807.x","article-title":"Evaluation of a mass distribution programme for fine-mesh impregnated bednets against visceral leishmaniasis in eastern Sudan.","volume":"12","author":"K Ritmeijer","year":"2007","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e102","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0030102","article-title":"Incorporating a Rapid-Impact Package for Neglected Tropical Diseases with Programs for HIV\/AIDS, Tuberculosis, and Malaria.","volume":"3","author":"PJ Hotez","year":"2006","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"ref12","first-page":"275","article-title":"The epidemiology of visceral leishmaniasis in Bangladesh: prospects for improved control.","volume":"123","author":"C Bern","year":"2006","journal-title":"Indian J Med Res"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00061-07","article-title":"The Relationship between Leishmaniasis and AIDS: the second 10 years.","volume":"21","author":"J Alvar","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1030","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/156.6.1030","article-title":"Malnutrition as a risk factor for severe visceral leishmaniasis.","volume":"156","author":"BJ Cerf","year":"1987","journal-title":"Journal of Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(07)70209-8","article-title":"Cutaneous leishmaniasis.","volume":"7","author":"R Reithinger","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(86)90243-9","article-title":"Mucosal leishmaniasis (\u201cespundia\u201d Escomel, 1911).","volume":"80","author":"PD Marsden","year":"1986","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkh538","article-title":"Visceral leishmaniasis in pregnancy: a case series and a systematic review of the literature.","volume":"55","author":"P Pagliano","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"ref18","first-page":"417","article-title":"Leishmaniasis. Public health aspects and control.","volume":"14","author":"P Desjeux","year":"1996","journal-title":"Clin Dermatol"},{"key":"ref19","first-page":"281","article-title":"History of kala-azar in India.","volume":"82","author":"PC Sengupta","year":"1947","journal-title":"Indian Medical Gazette"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1086\/381203","article-title":"Conflict and kala-azar: determinants of adverse outcomes of kala-azar among patients in southern Sudan.","volume":"38","author":"S Collin","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.2223\/JPED.1286","article-title":"American visceral leishmaniasis (kala-azar) in hospitalized children from an endemic area.","volume":"81","author":"LC Rey","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Pediatr (Rio J)"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-4362.1995.tb03584.x","article-title":"Post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis.","volume":"34","author":"V Ramesh","year":"1995","journal-title":"International Journal of Dermatology"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(03)00517-6","article-title":"Post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis.","volume":"3","author":"EE Zijlstra","year":"2003","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref24","first-page":"6","article-title":"Post kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis: New observations challenge previous assumptions.","volume":"5","year":"2007","journal-title":"Health and Science Bulletin"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.10.2.298","article-title":"Leishmania and human immunodeficiency virus coinfection: the first 10 years.","volume":"10","author":"J Alvar","year":"1997","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cimid.2004.03.004","article-title":"Leishmaniasis: current situation and new perspectives.","volume":"27","author":"P Desjeux","year":"2004","journal-title":"Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-9292-6-3","article-title":"Consultative meeting to develop a strategy for treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis. Institute Pasteur, Paris. 13\u201315 June, 2006.","volume":"6","author":"F Modabber","year":"2007","journal-title":"Kinetoplastid Biol Dis"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1395","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7519(00)00141-7","article-title":"Effects of environmental change on emerging parasitic diseases.","volume":"30","author":"JA Patz","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0906.030026","article-title":"Anthroponotic cutaneous leishmaniasis, Kabul, Afghanistan.","volume":"9","author":"R Reithinger","year":"2003","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref30","first-page":"341","article-title":"Ten years of kala-azar in west Bengal, Part I. Did post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis initiate the outbreak in 24-Parganas?","volume":"70","author":"M Addy","year":"1992","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2007.76.909","article-title":"The epidemiology of visceral leishmaniasis and asymptomatic leishmanial infection in a highly endemic Bangladeshi village.","volume":"76","author":"C Bern","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2002.66.334","article-title":"Asymptomatic human carriers of Leishmania chagasi.","volume":"66","author":"CH Costa","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref33","article-title":"Global Burden of Disease: A comprehensive assessment of mortality and disability from diseases, injuries, and risk factors in 1990 and projected to 2020","year":"1996"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/0169-4758(92)90249-2","article-title":"Estimation of population at risk of infection and number of cases of leishmaniasis.","volume":"8","author":"RW Ashford","year":"1992","journal-title":"Parasitology Today"},{"key":"ref35","first-page":"1","article-title":"Information on the epidemiology and control of the leishmaniases by country or territory","author":"P Desjeux","year":"1991"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2006.01647.x","article-title":"Serious underreporting of visceral leishmaniasis through passive case reporting in Bihar, India.","volume":"11","author":"SP Singh","year":"2006","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1990.43.257","article-title":"Comparison of active and passive case detection of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Guatemala.","volume":"43","author":"HW Copeland","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref38","first-page":"120","article-title":"An estimate of kala azar in 1991 in district Vaishali and Bihar.","volume":"26","author":"D Bora","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Commun Dis"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2006.01589.x","article-title":"Unseen Kala-azar deaths in south Sudan (1999\u20132002).","volume":"11","author":"SM Collin","year":"2006","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"720","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2005.73.720","article-title":"Virgin soil: the spread of visceral leishmaniasis into Uttar Pradesh, India.","volume":"73","author":"P Barnett","year":"2005","journal-title":"American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"},{"key":"ref41","article-title":"Global Burden of Disease Estimates","year":"2002"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2007.77.275","article-title":"Kala-azar outbreak in Libo Kemkem, Ethiopia: epidemiologic and parasitologic assessment.","volume":"77","author":"J Alvar","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1449","DOI":"10.1016\/S1286-4579(02)00027-8","article-title":"The interplay between environmental and host factors during an outbreak of visceral leishmaniasis in eastern Sudan.","volume":"4","author":"B Bucheton","year":"2002","journal-title":"Microbes Infect"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1080\/00034983.1998.11813353","article-title":"Environmental determinants of the distribution of Phlebotomus orientalis in Sudan.","volume":"92","author":"DA Elnaiem","year":"1998","journal-title":"Ann Trop Med Parasitol"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2915.1996.tb00082.x","article-title":"The roles of Phlebotomus martini and P.celiae (Diptera: Phlebotominae) as vectors of visceral leishmaniasis in the Aba Roba focus, southern Ethiopia.","volume":"10","author":"T Gebre-Michael","year":"1996","journal-title":"Med Vet Entomol"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1269","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7519(00)00136-3","article-title":"The leishmaniases as emerging and reemerging zoonoses.","volume":"30","author":"RW Ashford","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182001007867","article-title":"Sudan: the possible original focus of visceral leishmaniasis.","volume":"122","author":"F Pratlong","year":"2001","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1080\/00034983.1997.11813143","article-title":"Phlebotomine sandflies in a focus of visceral leishmaniasis in a border area of eastern Sudan.","volume":"91","author":"DA Elnaiem","year":"1997","journal-title":"Ann Trop Med Parasitol"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"862","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/25.4.862","article-title":"The epidemic of visceral leishmaniasis in western Upper Nile, southern Sudan: course and impact from 1984 to 1994.","volume":"25","author":"J Seaman","year":"1996","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182001007594","article-title":"The Egyptian mongoose, Herpestes ichneumon, is a possible reservoir host of visceral leishmaniasis in eastern Sudan.","volume":"122","author":"DA Elnaiem","year":"2001","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2003.07.003","article-title":"Visceral leishmaniasis in eastern Sudan: parasite identification in humans and dogs; host-parasite relationships.","volume":"5","author":"J Dereure","year":"2003","journal-title":"Microbes Infect"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(01)90223-8","article-title":"The increase in risk factors for leishmaniasis worldwide.","volume":"95","author":"P Desjeux","year":"2001","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(91)90293-8","article-title":"Kala-azar in displaced people from southern Sudan: epidemiological, clinical and therapeutic findings.","volume":"85","author":"EE Zijlstra","year":"1991","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4709","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.69.8.4709-4718.2001","article-title":"Malnutrition alters the innate immune response and increases early visceralization following Leishmania donovani infection.","volume":"69","author":"GM Anstead","year":"2001","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/154.4.639","article-title":"A prospective study of visceral leishmaniasis in an endemic area of Brazil.","volume":"154","author":"R Badaro","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(03)80099-8","article-title":"A neglected disease of humans: a new focus of visceral leishmaniasis in Bakool, Somalia.","volume":"97","author":"MV Marlet","year":"2003","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e85","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000085","article-title":"Epidemiology and Clinical Features of Patients with Visceral Leishmaniasis Treated by an MSF Clinic in Bakool Region, Somalia, 2004\u20132006.","volume":"1","author":"ME Raguenaud","year":"2007","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0707.017746","article-title":"Visceral leishmaniasis (kala-azar) outbreak in Somali refugees and Kenyan shepherds, Kenya.","volume":"7","author":"G Boussery","year":"2001","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(03)80012-3","article-title":"Emergence or re-emergence of visceral leishmaniasis in areas of Somalia, north-eastern Kenya, and south-eastern Ethiopia in 2000\u201301.","volume":"97","author":"MV Marlet","year":"2003","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)61301-4","article-title":"Neglected diseases, civil conflicts, and the right to health.","volume":"370","author":"C Beyrer","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-7-3","article-title":"Treating cutaneous leishmaniasis patients in Kabul, Afghanistan: cost-effectiveness of an operational program in a complex emergency setting.","volume":"7","author":"R Reithinger","year":"2007","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(03)90111-8","article-title":"The prolonged epidemic of anthroponotic cutaneous leishmaniasis in Kabul, Afghanistan: 'bringing down the neighbourhood'.","volume":"97","author":"H Reyburn","year":"2003","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref63"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3156.2003.01088.x","article-title":"Visceral leishmaniasis and HIV in Tigray, Ethiopia.","volume":"8","author":"S Lyons","year":"2003","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1086\/505217","article-title":"A comparison of miltefosine and sodium stibogluconate for treatment of visceral leishmaniasis in an Ethiopian population with high prevalence of HIV infection.","volume":"43","author":"K Ritmeijer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1999.60.51","article-title":"Infection of sand flies by humans coinfected with Leishmania infantum and human immunodeficiency virus.","volume":"60","author":"R Molina","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1252","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.1.2213.1252","article-title":"On the possibility of the occurrence of trypanosomiasis in India.","volume":"1","author":"W Leishman","year":"1903","journal-title":"British Medical Journal"},{"key":"ref68","first-page":"1401","article-title":"The etiology of heterogeneous fevers in India.","volume":"2","author":"C Donovan","year":"1903","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref69","first-page":"62","article-title":"Epidemiology of visceral leishmaniasis in India.","volume":"12","author":"D Bora","year":"1999","journal-title":"Natl Med J India"},{"key":"ref70","first-page":"443","article-title":"Leishmaniasis in the Indian sub-continent.","author":"RK Sanyal","year":"1985"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2003.69.624","article-title":"Visceral leishmaniasis: consequences of a neglected disease in a Bangladeshi community.","volume":"69","author":"IB Ahluwalia","year":"2003","journal-title":"American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"886","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.295.6603.886-a","article-title":"Treatment of post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis with sodium stibogluconate.","volume":"295","author":"CP Thakur","year":"1987","journal-title":"Br Med J (Clin Res Ed)"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2006.01604.x","article-title":"The economic impact of visceral leishmaniasis on households in Bangladesh.","volume":"11","author":"DA Sharma","year":"2006","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(84)90131-7","article-title":"Epidemiological, clinical and therapeutic features of Bihar kala-azar (including post kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis).","volume":"78","author":"CP Thakur","year":"1984","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1089\/154099904323087024","article-title":"Visceral leishmaniasis: consequences to women in a Bangladeshi community.","volume":"13","author":"IB Ahluwalia","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Womens Health (Larchmt)"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(00)90255-4","article-title":"Socio-economics of visceral leishmaniasis in Bihar (India).","volume":"94","author":"CP Thakur","year":"2000","journal-title":"Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-706X(03)00156-6","article-title":"The economic burden of Kala-azar in households of the Danusha and Mahottari districts of Nepal.","volume":"88","author":"SR Adhikari","year":"2003","journal-title":"Acta Tropica"},{"key":"ref78","article-title":"The economic burden of visceral leishmaniasis for households in Nepal.","author":"S Rijal","year":"2006","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1715","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2006.01732.x","article-title":"Costs of patient management of visceral leishmaniasis in Muzaffarpur, Bihar, India.","volume":"11","author":"F Meheus","year":"2006","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3156.2001.00778.x","article-title":"Drug resistance in Indian visceral leishmaniasis.","volume":"6","author":"S Sundar","year":"2001","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1104","DOI":"10.1086\/318121","article-title":"Failure of pentavalent antimony in visceral leishmaniasis in India: report from the center of the Indian epidemic.","volume":"31","author":"S Sundar","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref82","first-page":"182","article-title":"Manual de Vigil\u00e2ncia e Controle da Leishmaniose Visceral","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1590\/S0034-89101990000500003","article-title":"[Visceral leishmaniasis epidemic in the State of Piaui, Brazil, 1980\u20131986].","volume":"24","author":"CH Costa","year":"1990","journal-title":"Rev Saude Publica"},{"key":"ref84","first-page":"365","article-title":"Urbanization: an increasing risk factor for visceral leishmaniasis.","volume":"77","year":"2002","journal-title":"Weekly Epidemiological Record"},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0202.960213","article-title":"The reemergence of visceral leishmaniasis in Brazil.","volume":"2","author":"JR Arias","year":"1996","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1179\/136485905X28018","article-title":"Household structure and urban services: neglected targets in the control of visceral leishmaniasis.","volume":"99","author":"CH Costa","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ann Trop Med Parasitol"},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268806006881","article-title":"Multilevel modelling of the incidence of visceral leishmaniasis in Teresina, Brazil.","volume":"135","author":"GL Werneck","year":"2007","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect"},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(94)90393-X","article-title":"An urban outbreak of visceral leishmaniasis in Natal, Brazil.","volume":"88","author":"SM Jeronimo","year":"1994","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1179\/000349803225002507","article-title":"Leishmania\/HIV co-infection in Brazil: an appraisal.","volume":"97","author":"A Rabello","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ann Trop Med Parasitol"},{"key":"ref90","article-title":"Leishmaniasis and HIV co-infection","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1590\/S0037-86822006000400007","article-title":"[Geographical expansion of visceral leishmaniasis in the State of Pernambuco].","volume":"39","author":"F Dantas-Torres","year":"2006","journal-title":"Rev Soc Bras Med Trop"},{"key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1314","DOI":"10.1086\/344312","article-title":"Infectiousness in a cohort of brazilian dogs: why culling fails to control visceral leishmaniasis in areas of high transmission.","volume":"186","author":"O Courtenay","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1051","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2007.77.1051","article-title":"Human asymptomatic infection in visceral leishmaniasis: a seroprevalence study in an urban area of low endemicity. Preliminary results.","volume":"77","author":"SC Bar\u00e3o","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref94","article-title":"Informe 2006 Leishmaniasis","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1086\/524042","article-title":"Clinical and parasite species risk factors for pentavalent antimonial treatment failure in cutaneous leishmaniasis in Peru.","volume":"46","author":"A Llanos-Cuentas","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1086\/514535","article-title":"Cutaneous leishmaniasis in the Peruvian Andes: factors associated with variability in clinical symptoms, response to treatment, and parasite isolation rate.","volume":"25","author":"CR Davies","year":"1997","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-6-139","article-title":"Leishmania isoenzyme polymorphisms in Ecuador: relationships with geographic distribution and clinical presentation.","volume":"6","author":"M Calvopina","year":"2006","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2006.74.81","article-title":"Ecology of the leishmania species in the Guianan ecoregion complex.","volume":"74","author":"B Rotureau","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1388","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2006.01695.x","article-title":"Species diversity causing human cutaneous leishmaniasis in Rio Branco, state of Acre, Brazil.","volume":"11","author":"AC Tojal da Silva","year":"2006","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"key":"ref100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1590\/S0074-02762001000200004","article-title":"Domestic and peridomestic transmission of American cutaneous leishmaniasis: changing epidemiological patterns present new control opportunities.","volume":"96","author":"D Campbell-Lendrum","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz"},{"key":"ref101","first-page":"62","article-title":"Manual de Controle da Leishmaniose Tegumentar Americana","year":"2000"},{"key":"ref102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/0169-4758(89)90258-5","article-title":"Leishmaniasis in Manaus, Brazil.","volume":"5","author":"TV Barrett","year":"1989","journal-title":"Parasitol Today"},{"key":"ref103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1997.57.79","article-title":"Risk factors for onset of cutaneous and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis in Bolivia.","volume":"57","author":"A Alcais","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-706X(98)00049-7","article-title":"A new focus of cutaneous leishmaniasis due to Leishmania amazonensis in a Sub Andean region of Bolivia.","volume":"71","author":"E Martinez","year":"1998","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"ref105","first-page":"171","article-title":"[Gender and cutaneous leishmaniasis in Colombia].","volume":"17","author":"ID Velez","year":"2001","journal-title":"Cad Saude Publica"},{"key":"ref106","first-page":"142","article-title":"Cutaneous leishmaniasis in subtropical Ecuador: popular perceptions, knowledge, and treatment.","volume":"28","author":"MM Weigel","year":"1994","journal-title":"Bull Pan Am Health Organ"},{"key":"ref107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1590\/S0102-311X2000000400013","article-title":"The epidemiology and control of leishmaniasis in Andean countries.","volume":"16","author":"CR Davies","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cad Saude Publica"},{"key":"ref108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1540","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2007.01962.x","article-title":"Short communication: The cost-effectiveness of cutaneous leishmaniasis patient management during an epidemic in Chaparral, Colombia in 2004.","volume":"12","author":"JC Vega","year":"2007","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"key":"ref109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(97)90509-5","article-title":"Twenty years of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Aleppo, Syria.","volume":"91","author":"A Tayeh","year":"1997","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref110","first-page":"246","article-title":"Cutaneous leishmaniasis, Afghanistan.","volume":"77","year":"2002","journal-title":"Wkly Epidemiol Rec"},{"key":"ref111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(98)91007-0","article-title":"Anthroponotic cutaneous leishmaniasis in Kabul, Afghanistan: vertical distribution of cases in apartment blocks.","volume":"92","author":"S Hewitt","year":"1998","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1104.040945","article-title":"Social impact of leishmaniasis, Afghanistan.","volume":"11","author":"R Reithinger","year":"2005","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1093\/biomet\/78.2.389","article-title":"Stratified adaptive cluster sampling.","volume":"78","author":"SK Thompson","year":"1991","journal-title":"Biometrika"},{"key":"ref114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3156.2001.00669.x","article-title":"Sleeping sickness surveillance: an essential step towards elimination.","volume":"6","author":"P Cattand","year":"2001","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"key":"ref115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1177\/1742395307084407","article-title":"The unacknowledged impact of chronic schistosomiasis.","volume":"4","author":"CH King","year":"2008","journal-title":"Chronic Illn"}],"container-title":["PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000313","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,8]],"date-time":"2020-05-08T18:55:54Z","timestamp":1588964154000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000313"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Simon","family":"Brooker","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2008,10,29]]},"references-count":115,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,10,29]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000313","relation":{},"ISSN":["1935-2735"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1935-2735","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2008,10,29]]}}}