{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,20]],"date-time":"2026-09-20T01:21:50Z","timestamp":1789867310728,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,12,16]],"date-time":"2008-12-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1229385600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/zero\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000349","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,12,16]],"date-time":"2008-12-16T00:16:09Z","timestamp":1229386569000},"page":"e349","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":44,"title":["Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Virus in Iquitos, Peru: Urban Transmission of a Sylvatic Strain"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"2","author":[{"given":"Amy C.","family":"Morrison","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brett M.","family":"Forshey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Desiree","family":"Notyce","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helvio","family":"Astete","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Victor","family":"Lopez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudio","family":"Rocha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebecca","family":"Carrion","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristhiam","family":"Carey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dominique","family":"Eza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joel M.","family":"Montgomery","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tadeusz J.","family":"Kochel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,12,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1126\/science.90.2323.20","article-title":"The causative agent of infectious equine encephalomyelitis in venezuela.","volume":"90","author":"V Kubes","year":"1939","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref2","first-page":"296","article-title":"Neutralization of Encephalomyelitis Virus by Human Sera.","volume":"8","author":"V Kubes","year":"1944","journal-title":"Canadian journal of comparative medicine and veterinary science"},{"key":"ref3","first-page":"100","article-title":"History and geographic distribution of Venezuelan equine encephalitis.","volume":"8","author":"RD Lord","year":"1974","journal-title":"Bulletin of the Pan American Health Organization"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro1006","article-title":"Transmission cycles, host range, evolution and emergence of arboviral disease.","volume":"2","author":"SC Weaver","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"ref5","first-page":"79","article-title":"Venezuelan equine encephalitis.","volume":"18","author":"KM Johnson","year":"1974","journal-title":"Advances in veterinary science and comparative medicine"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"880","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1005.030634","article-title":"Endemic Venezuelan equine encephalitis in northern Peru.","volume":"10","author":"PV Aguilar","year":"2004","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2113","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1012.040393","article-title":"Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus, southern Mexico.","volume":"10","author":"JG Estrada-Franco","year":"2004","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1999.60.630","article-title":"Geographic distribution of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus subtype IE genotypes in Central America and Mexico.","volume":"60","author":"MS Oberste","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1998.59.100","article-title":"Association of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus subtype IE with two equine epizootics in Mexico.","volume":"59","author":"MS Oberste","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4994","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0509961103","article-title":"Venezuelan encephalitis emergence mediated by a phylogenetically predicted viral mutation.","volume":"103","author":"M Anishchenko","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6697","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.71.9.6697-6705.1997","article-title":"Repeated emergence of epidemic\/epizootic Venezuelan equine encephalitis from a single genotype of enzootic subtype ID virus.","volume":"71","author":"AM Powers","year":"1997","journal-title":"Journal of virology"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4266","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.73.5.4266-4271.1999","article-title":"Genetic and phenotypic changes accompanying the emergence of epizootic subtype IC Venezuelan equine encephalitis viruses from an enzootic subtype ID progenitor.","volume":"73","author":"E Wang","year":"1999","journal-title":"Journal of virology"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6822(92)90190-Z","article-title":"Phylogenetic analysis of alphaviruses in the Venezuelan equine encephalitis complex and identification of the source of epizootic viruses.","volume":"191","author":"SC Weaver","year":"1992","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(96)02275-1","article-title":"Re-emergence of epidemic Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis in South America. VEE Study Group.","volume":"348","author":"SC Weaver","year":"1996","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref15","first-page":"43","article-title":"Genetic determinants of Venezuelan equine encephalitis emergence.","volume":"Suppl","author":"SC Weaver","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arch Virol"},{"key":"ref16","first-page":"272","article-title":"Study of VE virus and isolation of SLE, EE, group C, and GUAMA group arboviruses in the Amazon region of Peru, 1975.","volume":"13","author":"WF Scherer","year":"1979","journal-title":"Bull Pan Am Health Organ"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a112103","article-title":"Ecologic studies of Venezuelan encephalitis virus in Peru during 1970\u20131971.","volume":"101","author":"WF Scherer","year":"1975","journal-title":"American journal of epidemiology"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1997.56.661","article-title":"Venezuelan equine encephalitis and Oropouche virus infections among Peruvian army troops in the Amazon region of Peru.","volume":"56","author":"DM Watts","year":"1997","journal-title":"The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1998.58.35","article-title":"Venezuelan equine encephalitis febrile cases among humans in the Peruvian Amazon River region.","volume":"58","author":"DM Watts","year":"1998","journal-title":"The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/42.5.891","article-title":"Isolation of viruses from mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) collected in the Amazon Basin region of Peru.","volume":"42","author":"MJ Turell","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of medical entomology"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1126\/science.172.3983.594","article-title":"Culex (Melanoconion) aikenii: natural vector in Panama of endemic Venezuelan encephalitis.","volume":"172","author":"P Galindo","year":"1971","journal-title":"Science (New York, NY)"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0901.020136","article-title":"Natural enzootic vectors of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus, Magdalena Valley, Colombia.","volume":"9","author":"C Ferro","year":"2003","journal-title":"Emerging infectious diseases"},{"key":"ref23","first-page":"295","article-title":"Potential for Central American mosquitoes to transmit epizootic and enzootic strains of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus.","volume":"15","author":"MJ Turell","year":"1999","journal-title":"Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1603\/0022-2585-41.3.502","article-title":"Evaluation of a sampling methodology for rapid assessment of Aedes aegypti infestation levels in Iquitos, Peru.","volume":"41","author":"AC Morrison","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of medical entomology"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.1603\/0022-2585-41.6.1123","article-title":"Temporal and geographic patterns of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) production in Iquitos, Peru.","volume":"41","author":"AC Morrison","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of medical entomology"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2003.69.494","article-title":"Characteristics of the spatial pattern of the dengue vector, Aedes aegypti, in Iquitos, Peru.","volume":"69","author":"A Getis","year":"2003","journal-title":"The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1996.55.459","article-title":"The epidemiology of dengue virus infection among urban, jungle, and rural populations in the Amazon region of Peru.","volume":"55","author":"CG Hayes","year":"1996","journal-title":"The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1603\/0022-2585-41.4.634","article-title":"Adult size and distribution of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) associated with larval habitats in Iquitos, Peru.","volume":"41","author":"JR Schneider","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of medical entomology"},{"key":"ref29","article-title":"Censos Nacionales 2005: X de Poblaci\u00f3n y V de Vivienda. Boletin Informativo\u2026","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2000.63.255","article-title":"Detection of pathogenic Leptospira spp. infections among mammals captured in the Peruvian Amazon basin region.","volume":"63","author":"JE Bunnell","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1603\/0022-2585-41.3.349","article-title":"Seasonal distribution, biology, and human attraction patterns of culicine mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in a forest near Puerto Almendras, Iquitos, Peru.","volume":"41","author":"JW Jones","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Med Entomol"},{"key":"ref32","first-page":"225","article-title":"Principias mosquitos de importancia sanitaria no brasil rotrauta. 1994: FIOCRUZ.","author":"GB Consoli","year":"1994"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1034","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0001034","article-title":"Application of modified shell vial culture procedure for arbovirus detection.","volume":"2","author":"ER Caceda","year":"2007","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1998.58.41","article-title":"Identification and genetic analysis of Panama-genotype Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus subtype ID in Peru.","volume":"58","author":"MS Oberste","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1002\/jcla.1860070408","article-title":"Evaluation of vero cell lysate antigen for the ELISA of flaviviruses.","volume":"7","author":"MZ Ansari","year":"1993","journal-title":"Journal of clinical laboratory analysis"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1989.40.418","article-title":"An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to characterize dengue infections where dengue and Japanese encephalitis co-circulate.","volume":"40","author":"BL Innis","year":"1989","journal-title":"The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.22.2.250-254.1985","article-title":"Simplified plaque reduction neutralization assay for dengue viruses by semimicro methods in BHK-21 cells: comparison of the BHK suspension test with standard plaque reduction neutralization.","volume":"22","author":"DM Morens","year":"1985","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2007.76.293","article-title":"Endemic eastern equine encephalitis in the Amazon region of Peru.","volume":"76","author":"PV Aguilar","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4066","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.38.11.4066-4071.2000","article-title":"Rapid detection of west nile virus from human clinical specimens, field-collected mosquitoes, and avian samples by a TaqMan reverse transcriptase-PCR assay.","volume":"38","author":"RS Lanciotti","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of clinical microbiology"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1603\/0022-2585-37.6.835","article-title":"Vector competence of Peruvian mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) for epizootic and enzootic strains of Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus.","volume":"37","author":"MJ Turell","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of medical entomology"},{"key":"ref41","first-page":"249","article-title":"Endemic vectors of Venezuelan encephalitis.","volume":"243","author":"P Galindo","year":"1972","journal-title":"Proceedings of Workshop-Symposium on Venezuelan Encephalitis Virus, Washington, DC, 14\u201317 September 1971"},{"key":"ref42","first-page":"404","article-title":"Transmission of a Venezuelan equine encephalitis complex Alphavirus by Culex (Melanoconion) gnomatos (Diptera: Culicidae) in northeastern Peru.","volume":"42","author":"SP Yanoviak","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Med Entomol"},{"key":"ref43","first-page":"203","article-title":"Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis. The Arboviruses: Epidemiology and Ecology","author":"TE Walton","year":"1988"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1016","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1006.030660","article-title":"Environmental exposure and leptospirosis, Peru.","volume":"10","author":"MA Johnson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a112347","article-title":"Viremia in young herons and ibis infected with Venezuelan encephalitis virus.","volume":"104","author":"RW Dickerman","year":"1976","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1060","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1979.28.1060","article-title":"Transmission of Venezuelan encephalitis virus by naturally infected Culex (Melanoconion) opisthopus.","volume":"28","author":"EW Cupp","year":"1979","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/36.4.407","article-title":"Vector competence of three Venezuelan mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) for an epizootic IC strain of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus.","volume":"36","author":"MJ Turell","year":"1999","journal-title":"Journal of medical entomology"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/42.5.857","article-title":"Susceptibility of Psorophora confinnis (Diptera: Culicidae) to infection with epizootic (subtype IC) and enzootic (subtype ID) Venezuelan Equine encephalitis viruses.","volume":"42","author":"DI Ortiz","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Med Entomol"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2008.78.413","article-title":"Vector competence of eastern and western forms of Psorophora columbiae (Diptera: Culicidae) mosquitoes for enzootic and epizootic Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus.","volume":"78","author":"AC Moncayo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6970","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0712130105","article-title":"Arbovirus evolution in vivo is constrained by host alternation.","volume":"105","author":"LL Coffey","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/19.3.275","article-title":"Estimation of the amount of Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus transmitted by a single infected Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae).","volume":"19","author":"JJ Mellink","year":"1982","journal-title":"Journal of medical entomology"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/19.4.371","article-title":"Transmission of Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus by Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) to mice previously exposed to vector antigens.","volume":"19","author":"JJ Mellink","year":"1982","journal-title":"Journal of medical entomology"},{"key":"ref53","first-page":"301","article-title":"Aedes aegypti mosquitoes as an experimental model for studies on the ecology and genetics of Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus.","volume":"15","author":"SY Gaidamovich","year":"1971","journal-title":"Acta virologica"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2431","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-72-10-2431","article-title":"A single amino acid change in the E2 glycoprotein of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus affects replication and dissemination in Aedes aegypti mosquitoes.","volume":"72(Pt 10)","author":"TM Woodward","year":"1991","journal-title":"The Journal of general virology"}],"container-title":["PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000349","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,13]],"date-time":"2020-05-13T19:56:30Z","timestamp":1589399790000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000349"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Jeffrey M.","family":"Bethony","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2008,12,16]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,12,16]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000349","relation":{},"ISSN":["1935-2735"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1935-2735","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2008,12,16]]}}}