{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T07:43:05Z","timestamp":1790322185435,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,1,20]],"date-time":"2009-01-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1232409600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosntds.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS Negl Trop Dis"],"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000361","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,1,21]],"date-time":"2009-01-21T00:13:18Z","timestamp":1232496798000},"page":"e361","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":64,"title":["Prevalence Distribution and Risk Factors for Schistosoma hematobium Infection among School Children in Blantyre, Malawi"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"Atupele P.","family":"Kapito-Tembo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Victor","family":"Mwapasa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven R.","family":"Meshnick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Young","family":"Samanyika","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dan","family":"Banda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cameron","family":"Bowie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Radke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,1,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-706X(02)00045-1","article-title":"The global epidemiological situation of schistosomiasis and new approaches to control and research.","volume":"82(2)","author":"D Engels","year":"2002","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1079\/JOH2005307","article-title":"Towards control of schistosomiasis in sub-saharan africa.","volume":"79(3)","author":"VR Southgate","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Helminthol"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-706X(03)00029-9","article-title":"Quantification of clinical morbidity associated with schistosome infection in sub-Saharan africa.","volume":"86(2\u20133)","author":"MJ van der Werf","year":"2003","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1106","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)69440-3","article-title":"Human schistosomiasis.","volume":"368(9541)","author":"B Gryseels","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2002.66.725","article-title":"Randomized comparison of low-dose versus standard-dose praziquantel therapy in treatment of urinary tract morbidity due to schistosoma haema tobium infection.","volume":"66(6)","author":"CH King","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1177\/1742395307084407","article-title":"The unacknowledged impact of chronic schistosomiasis.","volume":"4(1)","author":"CH King","year":"2008","journal-title":"Chronic Illn"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1177\/156482650602700101","article-title":"Determinants of anemia among pregnant women in mali.","volume":"27(1)","author":"MA Ayoya","year":"2006","journal-title":"Food Nutr Bull"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2005.06.024","article-title":"Schistosoma mansoni in pregnancy and associations with anaemia in northwest tanzania.","volume":"100(1)","author":"A Ajanga","year":"2006","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1080\/j.1600-0412.1998.770408.x","article-title":"Improving antenatal care for pregnant adolescents in southern malawi.","volume":"77(4)","author":"L Brabin","year":"1998","journal-title":"Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand"},{"key":"ref10","first-page":"1","article-title":"Schistosomiasis in malawi\u2013a review.","volume":"36(1)","author":"CH Teesdale","year":"1985","journal-title":"Trop Med Parasitol"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-4-49","article-title":"A national survey of the prevalence of schistosomiasis and soil transmitted helminths in malawi.","volume":"4","author":"C Bowie","year":"2004","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref12","first-page":"i","article-title":"Prevention and control of schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminthiasis.","volume":"912","year":"2002","journal-title":"World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser"},{"key":"ref13","article-title":"Helminth control in school-age children: A guide for managers of control programmes","author":"A Montresor","year":"2002"},{"key":"ref14","article-title":"Malawi in figures 2006. 2006(October; 07): 2.","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1179\/000349802125001285","article-title":"Schistosome transmission, water-resource development and altitude in northern ethiopia.","volume":"96(5)","author":"TA Ghebreyesus","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ann Trop Med Parasitol"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3156.2003.01176.x","article-title":"Epidemiology and geography of schistosoma mansoni in uganda: Implications for planning control.","volume":"9(3)","author":"NB Kabatereine","year":"2004","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2005.01446.x","article-title":"Rapid assessment of schistosoma mansoni: The validity, applicability and cost-effectiveness of the lot quality assurance sampling method in uganda.","volume":"10(7)","author":"S Brooker","year":"2005","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2008.02030.x","article-title":"The long-term social and economic impact of HIV on the spouses of infected individuals in northern malawi.","volume":"13(4)","author":"S Floyd","year":"2008","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"key":"ref19","article-title":"SOCIO-ECONOMIC DIFFERENCES IN HEALTH, NUTRITION, AND POPULATION MALAWI 1992, 2000 39450.","author":"DR Gwatkin","year":"2000"},{"key":"ref20","article-title":"Sample survey design and Analysis ."},{"key":"ref21","first-page":"229","article-title":"Epidemiology and immunodiagnosis of schistosomiasis haematobium in low endemic area in egypt.","volume":"29(1)","author":"SD El-Gendy","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Egypt Soc Parasitol"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2006.75.83","article-title":"Factors affecting infection or reinfection with schistosoma haematobium in coastal kenya: Survival analysis during a nine-year, school-based treatment program.","volume":"75(1)","author":"SA Satayathum","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2007.09.006","article-title":"Micro-epidemiology of urinary schistosomiasis in zanzibar: Local risk factors associated with distribution of infections among schoolchildren and relevance for control.","volume":"105(1)","author":"JW Rudge","year":"2008","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022149X07853521","article-title":"Genitourinary schistosomiasis among pre-primary schoolchildren in a rural community within the cross river basin, nigeria.","volume":"81(4)","author":"KN Opara","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Helminthol"},{"key":"ref25","first-page":"31","article-title":"Schistosoma haematobium in rural school children in nigeria.","volume":"13(1)","author":"O Ogbeide","year":"1994","journal-title":"West Afr J Med"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1080\/00034983.2001.11813687","article-title":"Urinary schistosomiasis in schoolchildren in dar-es-salaam, tanzania, and the factors influencing its transmission.","volume":"95(7)","author":"R Ndyomugyenyi","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ann Trop Med Parasitol"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1995.52.549","article-title":"Age-acquired resistance and predisposition to reinfection with schistosoma haematobium after treatment with praziquantel in mali.","volume":"52(6)","author":"JF Etard","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1034","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2006.75.1034","article-title":"Spatial and temporal variations in local transmission of schistosoma haematobium in msambweni, kenya.","volume":"75(6)","author":"JA Clennon","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2003.69.318","article-title":"Geographic distribution of schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminths in western kenya: Implications for anthelminthic mass treatment.","volume":"69(3)","author":"T Handzel","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1590\/S0074-02761998000700006","article-title":"Microgeographical patterns of schistosomiasis and water contact behavior; examples from africa and brazil.","volume":"93","author":"H Kloos","year":"1998","journal-title":"Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1590\/S0036-46651991000100011","article-title":"A multivariate analysis of socio-demographic factors, water contact patterns and schistosoma mansoni infection in an endemic area in brazil.","volume":"33(1)","author":"MF Lima e Costa","year":"1991","journal-title":"Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2004.70.443","article-title":"Spatial patterns of urinary schistosomiasis infection in a highly endemic area of coastal kenya.","volume":"70(4)","author":"JA Clennon","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022149X00015054","article-title":"Urinary schistosomiasis in rural communities of some local government areas in plateau state, nigeria: A preliminary parasitological and malacological survey.","volume":"70(1)","author":"PF Akufongwe","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Helminthol"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2005.08.006","article-title":"Combined methods for the study of water contact behavior in a rural schistosomiasis-endemic area in brazil.","volume":"97(1)","author":"H Kloos","year":"2006","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1590\/S1020-49892003001100006","article-title":"Socioeconomic determinants of schistosomiasis in an urban area in the northeast of brazil.","volume":"14(6)","author":"R Ximenes","year":"2003","journal-title":"Rev Panam Salud Publica"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2006.09.001","article-title":"Socioeconomic determinants of schistosomiasis in a poor rural area in brazil.","volume":"99(2\u20133)","author":"A Gazzinelli","year":"2006","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2007.77.672","article-title":"The relative influence of polyparasitism, environment, and host factors on schistosome infection.","volume":"77(4)","author":"R de Cassia Ribeiro Silva","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"ref38","first-page":"235","article-title":"Questionnaires for rapid screening of schistosomiasis in sub-saharan africa.","volume":"80(3)","author":"C Lengeler","year":"2002","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3156.2000.00508.x","article-title":"Control of urinary schistosomiasis: An investigation into the effective use of questionnaires to identify high-risk communities and individuals in niger state, nigeria.","volume":"5(1)","author":"MA Mafe","year":"2000","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1180","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3156.1997.d01-209.x","article-title":"The reliability of self-reported blood in urine and schistosomiasis as indicators of schistosoma haematobium infection in school children: A study in muheza district, tanzania.","volume":"2(12)","author":"J Ansell","year":"1997","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1080\/00034983.1983.11811757","article-title":"Day-to-day variation and circadian rhythm of egg excretion in urinary schistosomiasis in the sudan.","volume":"77(6)","author":"E Doehring","year":"1983","journal-title":"Ann Trop Med Parasitol"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/138.6.849","article-title":"Quantification of infection with schistosoma haematobium in relation to epidemiology and selective population chemotherapy. I. minimal number of daily egg counts in urine necessary to establish intensity of infection.","volume":"138(6)","author":"KS Warren","year":"1978","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref43","first-page":"235","article-title":"Questionnaires for rapid screening of schistosomiasis in sub-saharan africa.","volume":"80(3)","author":"C Lengeler","year":"2002","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"}],"container-title":["PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000361","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,17]],"date-time":"2019-05-17T11:25:33Z","timestamp":1558092333000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000361"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Jeffrey M.","family":"Bethony","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,1,20]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,1,20]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000361","relation":{},"ISSN":["1935-2735"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1935-2735","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,1,20]]}}}